Taking a Look at Social Cognition - 1777 Words

Social cognition is a fascinating topic which stands at the threshold of much important sociological research. Researchers have spent considerable amounts of time exploring the encoding and processing of social cues in â€Å"aggressive children’s† interactions with other people. They hypothesize – and studies tend to support the idea – that these children feature disproportionately aggressive responses to certain social cues. Two studies conducted in the 1980’s explain the existence of poor social cognition skills – or at least poor social reactions – in aggressive children. Both of these studies did, in fact, find that the more aggressive male children respond more aggressively in two specific situations. An aggressive child is one who frequently answers certain social cues with aggressive verbal, physical or emotional reactions. The aggressive boys reacted aggressively when 1) prompted with an aggressive cue, and 2) prompted with an ambiguous cue. Nonaggressive boys did not feature this skewed reaction to ambiguous prompts. These trends suggest that aggressive boys do not only react aggressively in situations which are less clearly threatening, but also that aggressive boys are significantly more likely to attribute aggressive intentions to the actions of other peers. This second observation is also specifically in cases which feature ambiguous cues. Based on this last finding, it was also determined that environmental conditions – specifically threatening ones – have aShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Cognition755 Words   |  4 P agesassigned for this week, I discovered how important the term cognition is. Initially I felt as though cognition was the understanding of knowledge in our brains, although now I understand that there is so much more meaning to that than the surface presents. The three videos presents all highlights different key factors that contribute to the term cognition. In my opinion towards myself, I have an average grasp on being aware of my cognition. For example, when learning different knowledge, I use differentRead MoreThe Effects Of Oxytocin On Social Cognition1509 Words   |  7 Pages The effects of oxytocin on social cognition in schizophrenia Tonya English Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 320: Mental Health May 2015 The effects of oxytocin on social cognition in schizophrenia â€Å"Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness associated with substantial social and occupational dysfunction. While positive psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia often respond to anti- psychotic medications, negative symptoms and cognitive impairments are difficult to treat, necessitating novelRead MoreThe Intervention Program Is A Treatment Intervention1483 Words   |  6 PagesBiological, psychological, and social factors strengthen anxiety’s vulnerabilities. Biological factors comprise of one’s body adaptive reaction and response, genetic predisposition, existing mental disorder, personality types. Psychological factors and causes embrace early childhood trauma; in addition to the four variables to psychological vulnerabilities, which are perceived control, cognitive appraisals, cognitive distortions, and cognitive beliefs. Moreover, social and environmental factors andRead MorePersonal Bargaining : Developing An Improvement Plan1629 Words   |  7 PagesPlanni ng, Presence, Modeling, Reflection, and Consequence cognitions, each were measured, then ranked which indicating the areas that I may need to either improve upon, or merely â€Å"fine tune.† Each of the five categories were respectively scored as presented. Communication Competence Scoring Key Planning Cognitions 1. ___3_____ 9. ___5____ 12. ___4____ 15. ___4____ 19. ___4____ Total: ___20____ Reflection Cognitions 4. ____5______ 6. ____5_____ 10. ____4____ 14.Read MoreThe Themes Listed Under Functional Age1294 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation. This report will use peer reviewed research articles and the lived experience of a senior to support the thesis. Biological changes are probably the most noticeable change to an individual in regards to the topic of aging. This theme looks at how old the individual seems to be by measurements of how well the body is performing. Variables can range from vitals such as heart rate, blood pressure or lab tests like glucose levels and liver function to any other factors that play into allowingRead MoreIq Test Strengths and Weaknesses726 Words   |  3 Pagesdisparities in groups from different racial, ethnic, religious and socioeconomic groups. The main reason for this disparity is socioeconomic and racial inequality. For instance African Americans on the low end of social scale tend to do far worse on standardized test than do whites on the same low social scale. This leads one to believe that along with the economic burden faced by African Americans, racial inequality has a much larger effect on testing. From my personal experiences conducting military testingRead MorePurchasing a Home Durin g a Financial Crisis825 Words   |  4 Pagespurchasing a home. Cognitive universalism is a universal theory, meaning that type of cognition is something that makes us all tick, whether its buying a home or buying a car in one way or another we all live out these â€Å"real fantasies†. Taking a deeper look into the sociological theory of cognition we bring ourselves to the theory of cognitive individualism. This type of cognition is a more intimate type that looks at the environment of the individual and their own experiences in which they baseRead MoreThe Basic Assumptions Of Dissonance Theory1374 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscomfort one feels when presented with two conflicting beliefs, or acting in a way that goes against a held cognition. Individuals have their own set of beliefs, and the level of dissonance felt when performing an oppositional behavior depends upon how central or important the belief is to the individual. In a situation where both consonant cognitions (aligned with your own) and dissonant cognitions are involved, the magnitude of dissonance will be a result of the proportion of consonant to dissonantRead MoreAn Analysis On Intuition : Cognitive Bias Or A Fast Problem Solving Cognition1249 Words   |  5 PagesProblem-Solving Cognition How many times have we heard the saying â€Å"follow your heart† or people following their â€Å"guts† when making a decision? Soldiers in time of war are successfully recorded to use their instincts or â€Å"guts†, while engaged in life-threatening situations, in order to minimize life loss. A mom, â€Å"instinctively† knows when her child is feeling discomfort, without much need for words. Consecutively, expert chess players can predict how a game will end, by the mere look at pictures ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorders Are Not Rare1369 Words   |  6 Pagesarticle autism, defines provides some of the characteristics to look for in a 5-12 year old, how to obtain assistance, who may be involved in the intervention process, and a treatment technique that focuses specifically on the area of social cognition. What is Autism? ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder. The DSM-V includes a list of criteria that mentions what characteristics are present in a person with ASD. These include deficits in social communication and interaction. It states that restrictive and

Climate Change and Health Effects - 1968 Words

PHILIPPINE COUNTRY REPORT ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH EFFECTS Presented By: THEODORA CECILE G. MAGTURO MD. MHA NCDPC-DOH ENGR. JEAN ROSETE EMB-DENR MR. NINIO RELOX PAGASA-DOST DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines COUNTRY DESCRIPTION †¢7107 Islands †¢No land boundaries Taiwan- north Vietnam –west China – northwest Malaysia and Indonesia–South 3 major islands †¢Luzon †¢Visayas †¢Mindanao DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines Philippines ranks among the highest in SEA Population of 85.2 m (2005) and annual Growth rate 2.1% (2004) Rural 52% Urban 48% DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines†¦show more content†¦of Cases 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Morbidity Week 2007 Alert threshold Epidemic threshold DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines Distribution of Typhoid Fever Cases by Week Philippines, as of June 3, 2007 45 40 35 No. of Cases 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Morbidity Week 2007 Alert threshold Epidemic threshold DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines Distribution of Cholera Cases by Week 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Philippines, as of June 3, 2007 No. of Cases Morbidity Week 2007 Alert threshold Epidemic threshold DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH Republic of the Philippines Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity Philippines 2005 DISEASE NUMBER RATE/ 100,000 population Acute Respiratory Tract Infx Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis Diarrhea Influenza Hypertension TB, Respiratory Diseases of the Heart Malaria Chicken Pox Dengue Fever 690,566 616,041 603,287 406,237 382,662 114,360 43,898 36,063 30,063 20,107 828.0 738.7 723.4 487.1 458.8 137.1 52.6 43.3 36.0 24.1 DEPARTMENT OFShow MoreRelatedIn Contrast To The Views Of Mcmichael And The Usgcrp, Emeritus1126 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief that climate change will have severely negative effects on human health. He is well-versed in economics, which is why it is not surprising that the second half of the book discusses the economic side of climate change. Nevertheless, the way of gathering information on climate change’s effects was fairly new in the late nineties and what little data that was gathered was speculated on by Moore. Moore revealed that Paul Epstein, a professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, had claimedRead MoreProject Proposal: Effects of Climate Change1322 Words   |  6 PagesProject Proposal: Effects of Climate Change The final research paper generated from the Project Proposal: Effects of Climate Change will discuss the question, what Americans can do to reduce climate change health effects? Various research publications by credible sources advise, global warming climate change has an affect on human health. Climate change and the impact on human health can be connected through direct or indirect variables. The Importance I feel as though if we start at a youngRead MoreGlobal Health And Climate Change1525 Words   |  7 Pagesmost significant global health issue in the United States (U.S.) and one that poses the most danger is climate change. Climate change is a major global health issue that many of us do not understand, do not take seriously, nor do not consider to be a major health concern. The link between global health and climate change has been confirmed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a risk to the health of the population and is now classified as one of the greatest health risks of the 21st centuryRead MoreClimate Change : A Look On Public Health1261 Words   |  6 PagesComposition 3 November 2015 Climate Change: A Look on Public Health What will happen to the future of humanity if climate change is allowed to have its way with the human race? What disasters will climate change force upon civilization? Will the human race slowly be extinguished? What will happen to individual people as the Earth’s climate gets more and more violent? Climate change will affect the general public’s health; the only question is â€Å"How much?† Climate change’s effects are very real and someRead MoreEnvironmental Global Health : A Social Science Point Of View1492 Words   |  6 Pages Environmental global health analyzes the nature and build of the environmental by researching the effects of human and their interactions with the environment while creating ways to reduce environmental risk factors. Singer and Erickson define environmental risk factors as: â€Å"specific ways that environment features and events threaten human health† (Singer, Erickson 2013: 114). Environmental Global Health effects everyone from a state, community, organizational, interpersonal, and individual levelRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1131 Words   |  5 Pageswithout consideration of the long-term effects that their emissions may have on the planet. Changing weather patterns are now wreaking havoc around the world, and scientists attribute this to human-caused climate change. During President Obama’s State of t he Union address in 2015, he stated that, â€Å"No challenge poses a greater threat to future generations than climate change,† (â€Å"Remarks by the President†). Warming temperatures caused by anthropogenic climate change have disastrous consequences thatRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And Global Warming1054 Words   |  5 Pagesglobal climate change is happening. From the melting of the polar ice caps, to record severe temperatures, rise in natural disasters, rise in pollution, greater number of vector-borne and water borne illnesses, and much more. Unless there is something done to change the current technology being used to provide energy to the human population global climate change will only continue to get worse. Climate change is the biggest global health threat of the 21st century and we must act and change the useRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : The Global Warming1472 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Climate Change Currently when human life is growing, human activities impact on the environment and climate to lead to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and that is the big challenge for human kind. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it? Climate change is the change of weather, climate, may be due to human or natural causes. The specific expression that we often hear about is the phenomenon does not stop warming the earth, the greenhouse effect, meltingRead MoreAcross The World, There Are Many Global Health Issues Which1517 Words   |  7 Pagesmany global health issues which are being played out in which society faces. 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The specific expression that we often hear about

The Colonization Of America, Australia And Antarctica

During the 1400s, Europeans knew little of the world surrounding them. Outside of Europe and the Mediterranean, little was known, with rumors and imagination filling the gaps. They had no real concept of the size or shape of Africa and Asia and had no clue of America, Australia and Antarctica. Europeans began their explorations of the world starting in the late 1400s, with Columbus’ discovery of the Americas. Here, he discovered that this land was already inhabited and had been civilized for centuries by a native people. These were the Native Americans, who have been there since 13,000 B.C. These Natives used nature to their advantage, and lived in harmony with other tribes, having strong family ties. The Natives had different values†¦show more content†¦Beginning in the summer of 1675 the King Philip s War started and never stopped, as Native American resisted colonial expansion. These Europeans had eliminated approximately forty percent of the Native American popu lation in New England. This war later led to the Natives struggling in their own communities. Colonists had succeeded and the Native American population declined drastically in New England. Much of the Native American population died to new mysterious diseases, including smallpox, typhus, cholera, and measles. These diseases were brought by the colonists and in fact the population of Native Americans in New England fell in 1675, from 10,000 to 125,000. The Europeans also took over land through trade and by expanding their land claims. The next encounter with natives and colonists was in New York and New France. The first French colonists had arrived at the St. Lawrence Valley with around 400 soldiers, 300 sailors and only a few women. Many though passed over the following two years due to scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. France then sent an explorer in 1608, to Quebec, Samuel de Champlain, in order to establish the New France colony. Champlain already had experience with these natives and allied with the Hurons, who were located on the lower Great Lakes, as well as the Algonquins and Montagnais

Qualitative Research In Public Health for Continuity and Change

Question: Discuss about theQualitative Research In Public Health for Continuity and Change. Answer: Social problem. A social issue is any circumstance or mannerism harboring destructive consequences over a large number of individuals and which is in most cases identified as one that calls for immediate attention [1]. The article at this moment in question delves on the social problem of the motivation and decision-making that pushes study participants to the inclusion acceptance in the study. The research goes further to explore the records of exploitative research practices to the indigenous and non-indigenous study participants while participating in some research procedures which has posed a social problem facing past, current and prospective study participants. The research questions addressed by the study are: (a) Whether differences exist between responses of aboriginal and alien research participants, (b) What are the motivating factors to participate in any medical research by both the indigenous and non-indigenous participants, and (c) Whether non-indigenous researchers face more challenges in the field than native researcher when performing study activities on indigenous research participants? The authors connected the research questions to the social problem by doing a secondary research on a previous interviewed research participants and assessed their promptness to their study activities, attitude, and mannerism towards the incorporated activities and researchers. The respondents were divided into two groups; indigenous and non-indigenous community members, with the researchers evaluating each study participator's responses. The driving force of the research was to investigate instances of subject exploitations and approaches likely to appear exploitative. The authors also targetted respondents who had participated in a study investigating on issues ranked as sensitive,' thus their acceptance to participate involved stakes that were at least moderately high. The study concludes with a note that the needs of indigenous people should be prioritized thus making the study a community value-abiding one in its focus [2]. Paradigm adopted. Research has been assigned the description of a systematic investigation (Burns, 1997) as cited by Mackenzie [3] with a research paradigm recorded as the hypothetical fabric, explicit from the theory, and one influencing knowledge interpretation and study [3]. The authors adopted the constructivist paradigm; one where qualitative methods are applied even though quantitative methods can be utilized incorporating interviews, observations and visual data analysis as data collection tools [9]. The paradigm asserted that The reasons and motivation behind an individual response are dependent on whether he/she is an indigenous member of the community or not.' They interrogated persons who had a prior participation in research while failing to disclose the identity of the participants to their first researchers. The study interviewed 36 members from Victoria-Australia on reasons for their involvement in the previous research where a representative sample from each group was absorbed. A physi cal interview was chiefly used on the original participants with telephone interview incorporated depending on a participants availability for interview. The data collected delved on their opinion on; (a) the approach employed by the researchers towards them, (b) their attitude to the study and (c) the motivation they expected from investigators. Though the respondents produced their independent responses, high response similarity was recorded in each group. The sample population selected responded to similar questions, except for indigenous participators who tackled further filter probing. The non-indigenous population was noted to employ minimal attention to the why factors,' unlike their indigenous counterparts. Most non-indigenous participants consented inclusion with the intent of; helping others, individual interests or possessing face value trust in the recruiting medical practitioners [2]. The native participants consented to the study inclusion after careful and insightful thought on the researchers' credibility and the importance of the research to the community. The constructivist paradigm achieved its purpose by collecting study participants individual opinion that is independent of external influence. Population and the sample A study population is a group of people from whom a researcher can legitimately assign the study's conclusions on [8] with the target population being the whole team under interest. Nevertheless, this population is not always accessible, and due to numerous practicalities (funding, time, ethics), the researcher is unable to reach every individual of interest thus a proportion (sample) of it is selected for a study. The studys sample was selected from previous sensitive perceived studies participants in Australia, who were contacted via letters and later interviewed with the consent of their respective researchers. The sample contained 36 members; 24 women and 11 men, of ages between 18 and 70 years. The sample comprised of 28 non-indigenous and eight indigenous participants. Its worth noting the unfortunate situation of the study harboring only eight native participants despite the high effort put into recruitment. The authors speculated this was due to (a) indigenous people failure to identify the studys incident vitality towards their society, (b) lack of trust in the institution carrying out the study; a research university, (c) feelings of involvement burnout and (d) individual and time commitments. The study gave the report dependent on the sample even though small. Conclusively, responses recorded high consistency, exhibiting the thoughtfulness and articulateness of the respondents. The participants agreed to participate in this research mainly because they considered the act beneficial to their community. The authors concluded that the responses adequately represented the populations voice since they held the notion that views given were information-rich. Therefore, there lacked a point of invalidating the findings. Other researchers on qualitative data have highlighted various arguments on the sample size concerning the entire population. Mathematically, a small sample size is a recipe to committing type II error: where the null hypothesis is not rejected when false [8]. However, other literature backs the choice of a small but representative sample size with their explanations; cost likely to be incurred if many respondents are interviewed, e.t.c. The qualitative research, however, seeks in-depth inquiry into every social aspect thus the concept of the sample size does not bear much weight [7] Ethical Issue. In the field of research, ethics can be considered as the protection and confidentiality of interviewees. Ethics promotes cooperation and understanding between researcher and respondents thus efficient information/data sharing and acquisition. The authors upheld ethics by: Gaining the consent of prior researchers thus granting them access their participants (after which they sent invitation letters to the targeted sample), withholding participants identity (those who yielded to the research inclusion). This promoted privacy of the respondent and could serve as a motivation to give more intimate responses to this and future studies. interviewing participants for a duration of 3060 minutes and the audio-recorded interactions were to be passed for afterward transcription only with the member's permission. Letters of invitation consisted of project information and contacts for authenticity. Similar researchers have emphasized the importance of ethics in research; [6] state presence of various reason for upholding it: Norms promote the aims of the review, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error. Measures utilized to ensure ethics were sufficiently simplified, and adequately served towards the respondents prompt information sharing and views outsourcing owing to the long responses given, and line of thoughts articulated. A high number of respondent produced negative views about some of the former researchers evidencing that the authors approach was favorable to the respondents. The research targeted people perceived as vulnerable or requiring particular ethical attention. The issues under the prior investigation were mostly private or sensitive. Having that knowledge and the response effectiveness; this shows the approach used was the most appropriate (It produced a 100% response rate; 36/36 valid responses). Findings. The authors have brought out clear discrepancies between indigenous and non-indigenous research participation. The indigenous participated in the research after considering: (a) benefits of the research to their society, (b) their safety from any involvement in risky situations due to their vulnerability and (c) among others, the researchers truthfulness, reciprocity, and reputation. However, this was contrary to the non-indigenous participants who only assessed face value of investigators' assertation. It is thus important to note that motivation and decision-making processes in indigenous and non-indigenous participants are not necessarily the same. These findings display a tendency of easier exploitation of the non-indigenous participants by opportunistic researchers. The indigenous are unlikely to suffer from such abuse. The deduction also aids future studies to invest in inserting cover letters in all their questionnaires to boost response rate and promote trust. The knowledge a s to why and how participants choose to participate is vital, especially when dealing with people who have had a record of exploitative and harmful research practices. About nearly all indigenous research participators in an urge to promote their response effectiveness, a native researcher should be sought due to a likelihood of shared understanding and expectation. In most instances unwillingness to participate may be fuelled by a respondent anger. The upset feelings can emanate from personal experiences and/or be negatively-intrigue/disturbed [4]. The presence of two distinct groups of respondents poses a significant research problem: selection bias. To tackle the selection bias, a need arises for a "pre-test sensitization" procedure to gauge personal psychology or behavior [5]. It is worth noting the role of protocol when dealing with indigenous research participants. The authors spelled out six values: Spirit and Integrity; Reciprocity; Respect; Equality; Survival and Protection ; and Responsibility. References: University of Minnesota Libraries, 2017; Social Problems: Continuity and change; What is a Social Problem? Gullemin M., Gillam L., Barnard E., Stewart P., Walker H. and Rosenthal D. (2016) Were checking them out: Indigenous and non-Indigenous research participants accounts of deciding to be involved in researchInternational Journal of Equity and Health (15:8). Mackenzie, N. M., Knipe, S. (2006). Research dilemmas: Paradigms, methods and methodology. Issues in Educational Research, 16(2): 193-205. Edwards K. M., Haynes E. E. and Rodenhizer-Stampfli K. A., (2016). High School Youths Reactions to Participating in Mixed-Methodological Dating Violence Research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, vol. 11, 3: pp. 220-230. June 15. McCambridge J., Kypri K. and Elbourne D. (2014). Research participation effects: a skeleton in the methodological cupboard. PMC. Journal of clinical epidemiology 67(8): 845849. Resnik D. B., (2015). What is Ethics in Research Why is it Important? National Institute of Environmental health sciences; U.S. Department of health and Environmental Services. Barnett J., Vesileiou K., Thorpe S. and Young T. (2015). Justifying the adequacy of samples in qualitative interview-based studies: Differences between and within journals; Symposium: "Quality in qualitative research and enduring problematics," Qualitative Methodology Forum 27 January 2015, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Bath. Banerjee A., Chitnis U. B., Jadhay S. L., Bhawalker J. S. and Chaudhury S., (2009). Hypothesis testing, type I and type II errors. Industrial Psychiatry Journal 18(2): 127131. Crouch M. and McKenzie H., (2006). The logic of small samples in interview-based qualitative research. Sage journals; Social Science Information Vol 45, Issue 4.