Effects Of Racial Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird

Racial discrimination is when you treat someone differently based on the color of their skin or when you think different races exist in the world. Racial discrimination comes in two different forms extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic is when you believe that a certain race is bad. Intrinsic racism is when you have a specific hatred towards a certain race. To Kill a Mockingbird, a novel that shows many forms of racial discrimination that was written b y Harper Lee in the 1960’s. In To Kill a Mockingbird, a black male named Tom Robinson is accused of raping a white woman named Mayella Ewell. During the trial Robinson was well represented by a prominent lawyer named Atticus. Atticus knew because of racial discrimination Robinson would still be†¦show more content†¦The word â€Å"few† from the previous phrase shows that the guards were trying to kill Tom Robinson. and they didn’t fire just one shot. The phrase â€Å"They got him as he went over the fenceâ₠¬  shows that Tom Robinson tried to escape the prison because of various reasons and it might’ve included police brutality. The word â€Å"over† shows Tom Robinson pretty much made it out, but because of racial discrimination he was killed. The presence of police brutality can also be seen in â€Å"Philando Castile shooting: Dashcam video shows rapid event† by Jay Croft. Philando Castile is an African American that was brutally shot by police during a traffic stop. The event unfolded as Philando telling the officer he had a firearm and the officer told him not to pull it out. While Philando was reaching for his wallet, the officer thought he was reaching for the gun so the officer opened fire. â€Å"It took just 90 seconds for an ordinary traffic stop to turn deadly--from a police officer saying, â€Å"Hello, Sir,† To him firing seven shots at a seated motorist.† (Croft Par. 2) The phrase â€Å"It took just 90 seconds for an ordinary traffic stop to turn deadly† shows that the officer assumed Philando Castile had a gun. Also, that would also mean that the officer was affected by racial discrimination, because he wouldn’t have done that at an ordinary traffic stop. The word â€Å"just† from the previous phrase shows that the officer did everything in a split second and didn’t haveShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Racism : Segregation And Violence1400 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effects of Racism: Segregation and Violence Racial discrimination affects many minority groups and this issue still occurs to this day. 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In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, the settingRead MoreEssay Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird1463 Words   |  6 PagesRacial discrimination, although not the main focus of To Kill a Mockingbird, plays a large role throughout the novel. Many characters in To Kill a Mockingbird are affected by racial discrimination, whether they are the cause or not. Throughout the novel, three characters stand out as being affected by racial discrimination the most. These characters are Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch, Atticus Finch, and Tom Robinson. Jean Louise Finch, known to Maycomb as Scout, is affected by racial discrimination in

Should Euthanasia Be Legalized - 1970 Words

Imagine being a 90 year old lady who has been through a lot. Then your doctor called and says you have cancer. He gave you six months to live with no treatment because the cancer has already eaten your body up. You’re in unbearable pain, your bones hurt all the time, and because of that you re always tired and cannot sleep. You are taking so much medication that you have no clue what is going on around you. You’ve lost a lot of weight. You’re always tired, you’re very emotional and irritable you want to be left alone. In my paper I’m going to prove to you why I think Euthanasia should be legalized. Euthanasia refers to taking a deliberate action with the express intention of ending a life to relieve suffering. Some interpret†¦show more content†¦They shouldn’t be forced to stay alive. If the doctor gave the person six months to live without any treatment to try to cure them and the doctor just gives he/she pain medicine that only works for just a few weeks or even only a few hours before more is needed, they shouldn’t be forced to stay alive. Here is a question that you should ask yourself: Would you want to live when you are in so much pain that nothing is helping, and you can not do much of anything because you hurt, so you end up with no quality of life? Here are the pros of Euthanasia. A person who is suffering should have the right to determine how or if they want to live or not. He she might choose to get treated if it is a option, but they could also have the right to refuse the treatment. If the treatment is unavailable and a person is unable to handle the suffering, then they should have the right to end their life if they wanted to. Ending their life in a medical manner is the most realistic thing to do. The other options they are left with is brutal, painful, and sometimes even terrifying for them and their family members. Here are some of the cons of Euthanasia. Psychiatrists who decide if the patient should be Euthanized because he/she isn’t in their right mind or are unconscious is not the best call. Family members deciding on the patient can also lead to the abuse of the legalizing Euthanasia. It is a myth that most

Human Resource Management and Workplace †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management and Workplace. Answer: Introduction: The completion of the study of the human resource management unit, the importance of human resource management at the workplace has been realized. The changes in the HR function in the organization, has a strong effect on the employees of the organization. sudden changes in the human resource policies such as the major changes in the leave policies might be protested by the employees. The positivity in the employment relation is largely affected by the human resource management team. Lack of efficient management of the employees results in lack of employee satisfaction. Moreover, lack of efficiency of the human resource might cause lack of employee retention. The changes in the labor market, such as the changes in the expertise of the employees changes the market conditions within the organizations as well. For example, with the rising trends of technology, the employees are tech savvy. Hence, the organization needs to eliminate the manual labor and restore to technology. Aid to the personal and professional development The study of the HRM has helped my personal and professional development. With the changing trends of the labor market, I am able to expertise myself and acquire new and trending skills. Moreover, the flexibility of work time is helpful for developing other professional skills, such as communication. With the assistance of the HR department, the employment relationship is also enhanced. With the concept of organizational flexibility, I as an employee is able to give more productivity to the organization, since the timings are flexible, along with flexibility in the leave policies.

The Most Effective Crime Prevention Strategies in the Past Two Decades

Introduction Crime prevention strategies are diverse and depend on the institution implementing them, the area of their implementation and the social factors they address in their implementation. Crime is a social problem and therefore is influenced by social factors affecting individuals and community. In order to know the effectiveness of the strategy or strategies employed in preventing crime, a number of social factors and conditions are scientifically measured before the implantation and after or during the implementation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Effective Crime Prevention Strategies in the Past Two Decades specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the last two decade, since the year 1990 a number of crime prevention strategies have stood out as effective. The effectiveness of such strategies is only been measurable by the results got after comparison with the situation before the implementation of the strategy. Most crime prevention strategy results reported in the last decade were initiated prior to the start of the decade and therefore the impact recorded spans for more than a decade. This essay describes crime prevention strategies then demonstrates why the Safe City strategy as the most effective in crime prevention strategy followed by the Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). It explains how the two strategies have been successful and further mentions other strategies that have had a notable impact. The best strategies are created in consideration of the crime causing factors and have a specific geographical area focus (Fisher Lab, 2010). The nature of crime is not homogenous and cannot therefore be dealt with using only a particular strategy. There are universal conditions that have to be fulfilled for crime to occur. The conditions are; the desire of the criminal to carry out an offence, the opportunity to carry out the crime and finally the poss ession of skills and tools necessary for commitment of the crime. Crime prevention strategies have been formulated while taking in mind the various natures of crime and their geographical frequency of occurrence. Crime prevention strategies are divided into primary prevention strategies and secondary prevention strategies. Primary prevention strategies are concerned with the individual and family level. They seek to address the family level factors that lead to criminal acts. These factors may be domestic violence, poor parenting skills and adoption of risky behaviours like drug and substance abuse. Secondary prevention strategies have a wider scope than the family level and aim at the control or elimination social factors that induce individuals and groups to commit crime.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondary prevention strategies target law enforcement, social programs. On a national level, or international level, tertiary prevention strategies are used. These strategies are formulated and implemented to prevent reoccurrence of national crimes such as terrorism acts and illegal narcotic trade and corruption. In the last two decades the notion of preventing crime has been expanded from narrow functioning of policy to a transversal approach with community actors and multiple states involvement. Crime prevention strategies are now formulated by national governments, city governments or community based groups and private companies (Shaw, 2007). The most widely used approach is the city government formulated strategies. Cities offer the closest geographical focus on crime areas while still offering making the strategy used replicable in other cities around the world. Most world cities share the same demographic distribution patterns and tend to have the same crime rates patterns. Substantial national crime reduction has been possible when the crime preventi on strategies have been focused at the epicentres of crime in urban areas. These epicentres are mainly poverty stricken neighbourhoods that account for more than half of reported criminal offences (Sherman n.d.). The seven main institutions that formulate and implement crime prevention strategies are; families, communities, schools, labour markets, specific premises, the police and the criminal justice system. Sherman (n.d.) has reported that â€Å"events in one of these institutions can affect events in others that in turn can affect the local crime rate†. Safe City Strategy The safe city strategy has been successful although some cities implementing the strategy have had difficulties because of resource constraints. On the other hand reporting of the results of this strategy has been limited the fact that its implantation started in the last decade for major cities. The Safe City approach is carried out by city authorities lead by the city or municipal governments, business representatives, labour unions and resident associations as well as the police and justice system as an on-going multifaceted approach. Each institution contributes in the implantation of the strategy, so that resource shortfalls and duplicity of efforts are minimized. Joint implementation has also made monitoring much easier due to the increased resource disposal. Secondly, it has allowed for faster adoption by individual institutions because of the promise of collaboration.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Effective Crime Prevention Strategies in the Past Two Decades specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main purpose of this strategy has been to maintain a high personal safety standard in the public domain of major cities and reduce reported incidents of all types of crime. Among the initiatives of the strategy are proper street lighting and upgrade of footpaths, installation of cameras and rolling out of community safety education programs. Survey results on the effectiveness of this strategy have revealed that awareness of the initiatives has been varied across different initiatives. This is because different cities implemented individual initiatives at different stages and therefore survey respondents might have not had an opportunity of experiencing an initiative. The perception of the strategy by different city residents has been positive and has demonstrated their approval of the initiatives employed to make their cities safer. Of all the initiatives implemented under the Safe City strategies, the lighting initiative proves to be the most effective and one that has immediate impact to city residents on their perception of improved safety and reduced crime. City lighting has allowed law enforcement by police together with community crime reporting to flourish. The lighting initiative has effectively addressed the availability of opportunity as a condition for crime commitmen t. City youths wishing to practice delinquency have been most hindered by the lighting initiative and since they make up the large majority of crime epicentre population, the crime rates in these areas have reduced. This includes civilian attacks, rapes and robberies carried out at night in the open places (Coumarelos, 2001). The collaborative nature of the safer city strategy has made it possible for community interest groups to influence the setting up of lighting facilities at neighbourhood sporting facilities. The lighting up of such facilities like basketball courts has provided the youth with an opportunity to be positively engaged in sports thus reducing idle time that would be spent in criminal activities. Community participation is also assisting the youth of these cities to have a forum for expressing their grievances especially towards social problems affecting them like poverty (Coumarelos, 2001). The safer city strategy has been boosted by its community safety education initiative. This initiative has been able to raise the awareness of the effects of crime among city residents and moved them into taking personal initiatives of reporting crimes in their areas. It has also led to increased incidences of self-reported crimes. Among its positive impacts has been the reduction in average time that police take to conduct investigations on suspected criminals.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Community participation has helped in identifying special need areas for police patrols which reduces the opportunity for committing crime. In terms of suspending or reducing the desire to commit crime, the safety education initiative has been complemented by city wide projects that create alternative engagements other than criminal activities. These include sporting, community service and micro-entrepreneurial projects for the jobless to provide them with steady income streams and address their poverty situation. The camera installation initiation has had a major impact on crime case investigation as recorded film provides conclusive evidence during prosecution of suspects. Most cities adopting this initiative have installed closed circuit television cameras (CCTV) that are monitored from a single location and are remotely operated. Placement of CCTV has been on high traffic areas and in areas that had previously reported a lot crime of incidents. These areas include car parks, pub lic housing grounds and inside public transport facilities. According to research findings by Welsh and Farrington on crime prevention effects of CCTV installation around the world’s major cities, out of 22 evaluations, only five gave an undesirable effect while five gave a null effect on crime. One found an uncertain effect while the remaining eleven found a desirable effect (2002). CCTV on car parks has been reported to reduce incidences of car break-in and carjacking at the entry point. Installations at public housing grounds have complemented lighting initiatives and increased the residents’ perception of safety and deterred opportunist delinquents from attacking residents or engaging in petty theft crimes like pickpocketing. Police and other interest groups have been able to collect valuable data on crime and related incidents because of CCTV. The data collected has assisted the implementing institutions of the safer city strategy to further improve their effort o n high need areas. Emerging crime epicentres in neighbourhoods has also been spotted early before they turn into full blown problem cases. All the quick response has been facilitated by the rapid and easy capture of data on the ground without requirement of personnel either from the police or community. CCTV in public transport facilities have mainly served to aid in investigations by police. Public transportation is a very high traffic area and at any time there are passengers hindering the effectiveness of the CCTV by blocking its view unintentionally. However, other than spotting criminal activities in these places and scaring off potential criminals, the CCTV serve as a tracking device, used by investigators following fleeing suspects after a reported crime incident in a neighbourhood. The recorded video evidence has been very helpful in convicting suspects by producing evidence that link them with the crime scenes. Successful convictions of suspects have led to reduced crime in cidents in the same locations by scaring off criminals without the proper technology to make them invisible and untraceable. Other crime prone areas are now being fitted with CCTV to complement those already covered and this will further assist investigators to gather speedy conclusive evidence that incriminates suspects. Implementation of the camera initiative has been slowed by their high costs of installation and their requirement of regular maintenance. Cities in developed states have been in the forefront of adopting camera initiatives in their Safe City strategy; developing country’s cities rely much on donor support, and have therefore lagged behind with their adoption. Besides its desirable outcome of reduced crime and a faster conviction time for suspects, these cities still show very little initiative of deploying CCTV on a metropolis scale (Welsh Farmington, 2002). The Safe City approach as an initiative of the UN-Habitat and was adopted by the city of Dar es Sala m in 1998. Before launching the strategy, a rigorous study had revealed that 25 per cent of all crimes reported in Tanzanian urban centres occurred in the city. Implementation of the strategy was undertaken collectively by the Dar es Salam City Commission that was made up of different institutions with a stake in the city. The initiatives adopted by the DCC were formulated using a bottom up approach so as to capture the needs of the communities living in the city. The DCC came up with the following initiatives after extensive consultations: sensitization workshops to come up with concrete recommendations on crime prevention ways to be adopted, secondly enhancement of law and by-law enforcement by city auxiliary, police and ward tribunals. The third initiative was the involvement of the women and vulnerable groups in community crime audits. The fourth initiative was the establishment of income generation projects. These initiatives were an answer to several needs established during s takeholder meetings. The strategy has been successful in bringing justice closer to the residents using ward tribunals, law enforcement has been greatly boosted by the involvement of the city auxiliary who comprise mainly of youths from poor neighbourhoods without incomes. Involvement of women and vulnerable groups in policy formulation has led to identification of the most needy areas of the city such as alleys and slum areas and as a results these areas have been opened up to allow both police and emergency services to access them. Residents previously engaged in illegal economic activity has establish legal businesses after understanding their role in ensuring their community is safe for women and everybody else. As a result of the positive results of reducing the desire to do crime and the opportunities of engaging in criminal activities, the Tanzanian government is replicating the Dar es Salam safer city strategy to other cities in the country (Mtani 2005). In Cincinnati, Safe City strategy achieved a positive outcome of reduction in total crime by 5 cases monthly and a disappearance of geographical displacement. The city was able to save a total of US $752,197 that prior to the implementation of Safe City was being lost to crime related activities. In comparison, the implementation of Safe City cost the city only US $221,093 over a twenty month period. The result show a three US dollar savings for every US dollar spent on Safe City. At the time of evaluation the program was still underway and, given the reported trend, will have a much greater positive impact on crime reduction (Vigne, Owens Hetrick, 2009). Crime Prevention through Community Design Strategy The second crime prevention strategy that has shown very positive results is that of environmental design. The city of Virginia Beach (2000) describes crime prevention through environmental design as taking â€Å"crime prevention one step further by studying the site design and working with the deve lopment community and public development agencies in an attempt to create safer designs in new and existing developments†. CPTED has been effective in reducing crime because it arrests the last two conditions necessary for a crime commitment. The condition requiring that the criminal must have the adequate skills of committing the crime as well as reducing the opportunities for crime. CPTED is most important in the planning and development of new neighbourhoods and therefore residents, developers and other stakeholders like the city’s officials and staff are first educated on the importance of using its principles. The sensitization mainly uses the alternative of developing without CPTED to show the possible effects that crime can bring to the new neighbourhood. Since all stakeholders are involved in the planning and design, future disagreements and spinoffs from the CPTED principles are prevented from the start. The main elements of the CPTED strategy are Natural Surve illance, Natural Access Control, Territorial Reinforcement and Maintenance. CPTED has considered the importance of all segments of a neighbourhood such as businesses, social facilities and homes functioning properly. The design elements of CPTED have been effective in reducing or eliminating the need to reinforce law and by-law enforcement that would be done at a cost to the community. Natural access controls that include gates, hedges and fences and doors have served to give the impression to possible offenders, that it is much riskier for them to select the target than not to. Use of natural access controls eliminates the need to have personnel looking after buildings so as to scare off potential offenders. Natural access control principle when properly implemented has made it possible to have only one entrance to a facility. Single entrance has greatly reduced the opportunity for committing crime by increasing the chances of nabbing a criminal. It has also made it possible to sea l of a building from unauthorised entry and when the principle has been used on a neighbourhood scale, then movement into and out of the neighbourhood has been easy to control. This CPTED principle of natural access control has been very effective in reducing crime when combined with the Safe City initiative of camera programs using CCTV. Offences prevented by this principle are not limited to burglary cases, in open spaces and streets; use of single entry points has prevented entry of offenders or their escape after committing crime. For single houses, use of walkways and proper open landscaping has made it easier for neighbours to spot a possible offender’s peculiar habits from afar. The design principle has also allowed for increased witness reporting of crimes and has made community policing a success in such neighbourhoods (City of Virginia Beach, 2000). The second CPTED element is that of territorial reinforcement that emphasizes the boundaries of public and private spa ces. To follow this element, designers use porches, sidewalks, or signs that show ownership and send out warning messages against trespassing. The concept gives the offenders and other people the perspective of a protected unit that is the responsibility of its owners. The effectiveness of this element in crime prevention has been possible because of the nature of people to be more serious about what they own. Individual owners become extra careful at noticing any intrusion while offenders feel guiltier when they think about having to break into a territory. This behavioural reinforcement has largely contributed to reduction of crime rates in such neighbourhoods (City of Virginia Beach, 2000). The third element of CPTED is natural surveillance as a design concept of making sure intruders are always being observed. Therefore buildings or properties designs are created to increase their visibility and the facilities inside. Natural surveillance has been much more effective than CCTV a t deterring crime because it is not fixed on a single direction. As an offender’s behaviour becomes clearly visible to a police officer, a passer-by or a private security person present, crime prevention soars, since more offenders are caught in the act of offence or before the actual act. Neighbourhoods and properties that have successfully used natural surveillance have been able to do so because of laying an emphasis on the visual connection. Buildings have low perimeter walls or use transparent perimeters like barbed wires. People inside buildings are able to view the outside easily through large windows and open lobbies. Setups inside commercial buildings are done in a way that allows a person to glance over the whole room without having to move from one place to another. This setup allows managers, door persons, room attendants and security persons to be able to detect any unusual behaviours and report or respond to crimes before any damage is done. People using the bui ldings and properties also feel safe because they are able to notice any threat to their safety and call for help. The last element of CPTED is maintenance which recommends that all facilities and properties be taken care of to allow for their use purposefully as intended. Lack of maintenance makes an offender feel that there is an opportunity of making an offence. The breakdown and deterioration of properties depicts the owner’s reluctance to repair as well as their tolerance for disorder. Neighbourhoods with unoccupied houses that have been neglected have reported more crime incidents than those without simply because the neglected houses provide a safe hiding place of criminals to conducts their illegal dealings. Residents become insecure and avoid contact with such houses and this further insulates the criminal from the rest of society and allows crime to prevail in that neighbourhood. Maintenance compliments the other elements and ensures that they are effective at crime prevention. For private property maintenance is the responsibility of the owner while for public property, the authorities are responsible, however neglect of one property will indirectly affect every other occupant of the area because crime incidents affect their perception on the safety of their area and put them at risk of becoming victims. A single element or principle in a crime prevention strategy when solely applied has a very minimal effect; however combination of two or more strategies of crime prevention has yielded the most positive results in the last two decades. A safer city strategy has greatly relied on the strategy of CPTED to effectively function. In the case of Tanzania as explained above, opening up of slums by providing passable roads and paths greatly improved the security of the area (Mtani 2007). Another successful combination of the two strategies was reported at the Warwick Junction in Durban South Africa. Upgrading of the street light illumination signifi cantly reduced the theft of motor vehicles while the elevation of a pedestrian crossing that was notorious for robberies and assaults led to the eradication of those incidences. In most cases safety needs in public places have been identifies by using the nose test that is fool proof. When a public place offers privacy such that people can urinate then such a place is considered a perfect candidate for redesign using CPTED (Dobson, 2008). Other crime prevention strategies are essentially either of the two discussed above, but different from the two in their implementation. For example, human trafficking crimes have been reasonably prevented by the UN development fund for women through education awareness; however the awareness program was not part of a safer city initiative. In this case, the organization created public awareness of the hazards of trafficking and was able to bypass taboos and reach the victims of trafficking who were mainly women and children. The projects were info rmative on the risks involved and offered solutions to successful prevention of trafficking cases (UN Department of Public Information, 2000). Explanation for the Difference in the Results Measured Crime prevention strategies have existed for more than a century as different principles of controlling crime. The consolidation of different elements into a single strategy was achieved in the early 1980s. Even after consolidation, implementation has majorly been based on what worked under given circumstances and with available resources. Measuring of the impacts of a single strategy has been difficult because of the nature of implementation that encompasses more than one institution and makes data collection tedious and impossible on other fronts. Measurability of each strategy’s effectiveness also differs among different cities of the world. The main reason for this difference is that each city is at different levels of development and that affects the amount of data that is col lected and analysed on crimes prevented as well as crimes committed and their cost to the city. For example, Dar es Salam city was unable to implement the Safe City strategy until it received donor support and therefore the implementation was limited to the amount of funds received for the project (Mtani, 2007). In addition, Cincinnati having a bigger economy was able to implement CCTV on a city wide scale and afterwards could better report on the crime incidents noted. It reader then clearly sees that the amount of impact that will be reported on the implementation of a crime prevention strategy is dependent on the ability of the city to capture relevant crime prevention data. Conclusion Over the past two decades the Safe City crime prevention strategy has been the most effective over the last two decades, and as more cities continue to implement it, better monitoring techniques are formulated and used in measuring its effectiveness on these cities. Its success is mostly attributed to the emphasis of all stakeholder involvement in formulating initiatives for the strategy as well as implementation of those initiatives. The Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) strategy has been the second most effective strategy, however its success might be limited by the fact that after the initial implementation, crime prevention in subsequent years is hard to quantify. Other than the two most significant strategies, other much simpler ones have been used in specific geographical areas or to address specific crimes. Bibliography City of Virginia Beach, 2000, Crime prevention through environmental design, general guidelines for designing safer communities. Municipal Center, Virginia Beach, VA Coumarelos, C 2001, An evaluation of the safe city strategy in Sydney, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, Sydney Dobson, R 2007, urban regeneration as a crime prevention strategy, in Shaw, M and Travers, K (eds.), Strategies and best practices in crime preventi on in particular in relation to Urban Areas and Youth at Risk, International Center for The Prevention of Crime, Montreal Fisher, BS and Lab, SP 2010, Encyclopaedia of Victimology and Crime prevention, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA La Vigne, NG, Owens C Hetrick SS 2009, Evaluation of target’s safe city initiative; implementing public-private partnerships to address crime in retail settings, the urban institute. Mtani, A 2007, local innovations for crime prevention: â€Å"the case of safer cities: Dar es Salam†. In Shaw, M and Travers, K (eds.), Strategies and best practices in crime prevention in particular in relation to Urban Areas and Youth at Risk, International Center for The Prevention of Crime, Montreal Shaw, M 2007, Introduction: setting standards and accessing progress in crime prevention, in Shaw, M and Travers, K (eds.) Strategies and best practices in crime prevention in particular in relation to Urban Areas and Youth at Risk, Internationa l Center for The Prevention of Crime, Montreal UN Department of Public Information, 2000, Preventing crime and cutting costs, tenth United Nations congress on the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders Welsh, BC and Farrington, DP 2002. Crime prevention effects of Closed Circuit Television: a systematic review, Home office research (252), London This essay on The Most Effective Crime Prevention Strategies in the Past Two Decades was written and submitted by user SquirrelGirl to help you with your own studies. 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The Privatization of Social Security essays

The Privatization of Social Security essays Social Security was implemented in 1935 as part of Roosevelt's "New Deal" following the Great Depression and the collapse of the American economy. It was enacted to be a fully funded retirement plan, meaning its benefits are paid out of a fund built up over the years from contributions made by Social Security taxpayers. The program's first step away from this was in 1942 when it began to pay out its first pension. There is a crisis within the program that we speak of today which deals with the impending lack of funds we will have in the near future. It is predicted that the so-called "Social Security trust fund" (a bunch of Treasury Department IOU's, in actuality) will be depleted somewhere around 2027. This is a concern because Social Security has been turned into a pay-as-you-go system. Today, workers outnumber retirees with a ratio of around 3.4:1. iOnce the baby boomer generation begins to retire and causes a reduction in the workforce, the worker to retiree ratio will be close r to 2:1 by 2040. This is distress to our nation because we will not be taking in enough money to pay out the pensions of the retirees. Our government has already tried to reduce the impact of the Social Security problem by raising the percentage of taxes taken out of individuals' paychecks, by raising the maximum level of income taxed, and by raising the retirement age to be 67 in the year 2022. According to Social Security's activists, the most likely picture implies that the payroll tax would need to rise from 12.4% to more than 19% in 2075 to pay future pensions ("Straight Talk"). The chart portrays this situation. This solution and others have not and will not be enough to solve our problems. These are only short-term fixes and the problem reaches far beyond the baby boomers generation. There must be other steps taken and one main possibility is to privatize Social Security, whether in whole or just partially. It is this privatization issue and i...

Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Earl Warren was born on March 19, 1891, in Los Angeles, California to immigrant parents who moved the family to Bakersfield, California in 1894 where Warren would grow up.   Warren’s father worked in the railroad industry, and Warren would spend his summer working in railroading.   Warren attended the University of California, Berkeley (Cal) for his undergraduate degree, a B.A. in political science in 1912, and his J.D. in 1914 from the Berkeley School of Law. In 1914, Warren was admitted to the California bar. He took his first legal job working for Associated Oil Company in San Francisco, where he stayed for one year before moving to the Oakland firm of Robinson Robinson. He remained there until August 1917 when he enlisted in the United States Army to serve in World War I. Life After World War I First Lieutenant Warren was discharged from the Army in 1918, and he was hired as a Judicial Committee Clerk for the 1919 Session of the California State Assembly where he stayed until 1920.   From 1920 to 1925, Warren was Oakland’s Deputy City Attorney and in 1925, he was appointed as Alameda County’s District Attorney. During his years as a prosecutor, Warren’s ideology concerning the criminal justice system and law enforcement techniques began taking shape.   Warren was re-elected to three four-year terms as Alameda’s D.A., having made a name for himself as a hard-nosed prosecutor who fought public corruption at all levels. Attorney General of California In 1938, Warren was elected to California’s Attorney General, and he assumed that office in January 1939.   On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Attorney General Warren, believing that civil defense was a main function of his office, became the leading proponent of moving Japanese away from the California coast. This resulted in more than 120,000 Japanese being placed in internment camps without any due process rights or charges or any kind officially brought against them.   In 1942, Warren called the Japanese presence in California â€Å"the Achilles heel of the entire civilian defense effort.†   After serving one term, Warren was then elected as California’s 30th Governor taking office in January 1943.    While at Cal, Warren became friends with Robert Gordon Sproul, who would remain close friends throughout his life.   In 1948, Sproul nominated Governor Warren for Vice President at the Republican National Convention to be Thomas E. Dewey’s running mate.   Harry S. Truman won the Presidential election.   Warren would remain as Governor until October 5, 1953 when President Dwight David Eisenhower appointed him to be the 14th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Career as Supreme Court Chief Justice While Warren did not have any judicial experience, his years of actively practicing law and political accomplishments placed him in a unique position on the Court and also made him an efficient and influential leader.   Warren was also adept at forming majorities that supported his views on major Court opinions. The Warren Court rendered a number of major decisions. These included:   Brown v. Board of Education, which declared segregation policies in public schools unconstitutional,Loving v. Virginia, which declared anti-miscegenation laws (laws that enforced and/or criminalized racial segregation in marriage and intimate relationships) unconstitutional,Griswold v. Connecticut, which stated that the Constitution contains a general right to privacy,Abington School District v. Schempp, which prohibited mandatory Bible readings in schools,and Engel v. Vitale, which prohibited official prayer in schools. Also, Warren used his experiences and ideological beliefs from his days as District Attorney to change the landscape in the arena. These cases included:   Brady v. Maryland, which requires the government to provide exculpatory evidence to a defendant,Miranda v. Arizona, which requires that a defendant being questioned by law enforcement must be informed about his rights,Gideon v. Wainwright, which requires that legal counsel be provided to indigent defendants during Court proceedings,Escobedo v. Illinois, which requires that legal counsel be provided to indigent defendants during interrogation by law enforcement,Katz v. United States, which extended Fourth Amendment protection to all areas where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy,Terry v. Ohio, which allows law enforcement officer to stop and frisk a person if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person may be armed and presently dangerous.   In addition to the number of major decisions that the Court released while he was Chief Justice, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to lead what became known as â€Å"The Warren Commission† which investigated and compiled a report about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. In 1968, Warren tendered his resignation from the Court to President Eisenhower when it became apparent that Richard Milhous Nixon would become the next President.   Warren and Nixon had a mutually strong dislike for each other stemming from events that occurred at the 1952 Republican National Convention.   Eisenhower attempted to name his replacement but was unable to have the Senate confirm the nomination.   Warren ended up retiring in 1969 while Nixon was President and passed away in Washington, D.C., on July 9, 1974.

Smoking Cessation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Smoking Cessation - Research Paper Example Some other things that the author did was making observations in the field, which included paying close attention to the conversation between the patients and the nurses, making observation of the signs that were placed within the walls of the wards that were in relation with the tobacco restrictions as well as taking of notes of resources that addressed cessation. Some of the documents that were collected during this study included; patient care forms, admission forms, referral forms, and patient’s referral materials. Areas like designated smoking zones were also observed and further photographed. At some point, unstructured questionnaires were presented to the nurses, which lasted for between 10 to 30 minutes. The ethnographic analysis used a process known as non-linear inductive. This included sorting, coding, theorizing as well as reflection upon analytic process. The data set in this study included documents, hand recorded conversation, field notes as well as the photographs that were captured designated smoking zones. At first, several data sets were reviewed. After that, the data was coded with the help of key concepts that facilitated retrieval as well s comparison between two sites. Other more reviews were conducted, which was then used to conceptualize the whole concept. The use of conversation in observation presents some bias. This is because the individuals involved in the process may assume different roles when they realize that they are being studied. This is one of the challenges that the ethnographer faced while collecting data. Taking of photos presented a good opportunity for the ethnographer to find the information they needed in their natural setting. Use of unstructured questionnaire was a good attribute to ensure that the qualitative analysis was conclusively done. The ethnographer noted that while the nurses were talking about tobacco in hospital environment, struggle was made to make

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Human Resource - Essay Example As s result, the future of personnel functions will demand skills in managing a diverse work force that includes coaching, ethical decision making, and employee motivation. The bottom up communication in the organization encourages employee participation. This involves participation in decision making, idea generation among other benefits. This when adopted will come in hand to mitigate the common problems that are associated with autocratic management and top bottom way of communication. The organization should focus on the employee relations so that the employer- employee relationship is enhanced or strengthened. This can be achieved through implementing a performance management system. As such the employees are able to receive feedback, understand the expectations of their employers, and meet their obligations of achieving high performance. This should also involve a regular schedule of performance appraisals. As a result there will be reduction in employee turnover and the employees will be committed to achieving excellence. The recruiters should be held accountable for the far employment practices. As such the process should be above board to ensure a focus is laid on experience, skills, expertise and other relevant

Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay Example for Free

Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay Throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, many different prejudices are revealed. The most prominent being the racial prejudice between the white people and black people in Maycomb, Alabama during the 1930s. However, there are many more subtle and discreet prejudices against other people in Maycomb, also. One of the first prejudices to become known is against the Cunninghams. The Cunninghams are a very poor farming family who were hit hard by the Great Depression. The Cunninghams never took anything they cant pay back no church baskets and no scrimp stamps. They never took anything off anybody, they get along on what they have. They dont have much, but they get along on it. Scout explains to Miss Caroline, their first grade teacher, on page 20. The Cunninghams were hit hardest by the Depression and because of their level of poverty the Cunninghams are discriminated against. The thing is, you can scrub Walter Cunningham till he shines, you can put him in shoes and a new suit, but hell never be like Jem. Aunt Alexandra explains to Scout on page 224. Aunt Alexandra does not want Scout associating with Walter Cunningham simply because of his class. Aunt Alexandra is discriminating against the Cunninghams because they are below the Finches on the social strata. Probably the most prominent prejudice in the novel is the racial prejudice. Tom Robinson was a black man who was accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a white girl. When Tom was put in jail awaiting trial, Atticus, his lawyer, went down one night and sat outside the jailhouse. A mob showed up that night with the intent to beat Tom Robinson but with Atticus there, the mob was stalled and eventually left. This mob was consumed with racial prejudice against the black people. Even Calpurnia, the black housekeeper for the Finches, is discriminated against. Although Calpurnia is treated fairly, it is obvious Calpurnia is considered to be on a lower social level than the Finches. Calpurnia calls Scout maam and Jem sir, although these are titles usually reserved for elders. An example of this is on page 207. Calpurnia addresses Jem after they have been missing at the trial all day with Hush your mouth, sir! When you oughta be hangin your head in shame you go along laughin. If Mr. Finch dont wear you out, I will get in that house, sir! Though it seems that the blacks are the ones who are prejudiced against, when Jem and Scout are taken to Calpurnias church, (their black house-keeper) the black people show hostility towards Jem and Scout. Lula, a black woman at the church confronts Calpurnia on page 119. You aint got no business bringin white chillun herethey got their church, we got ourn. Because the whites shun the blacks the blacks are prejudiced in return. Another prejudice that comes to light is the prejudice against Dolphus Raymond. Dolphus is a wealthy white man but is a victim of isolation because of his relationship with a woman who is black. When Scout meets Mr. Dolphus Raymond during the trial Scout becomes aware that Dolphus is a victim of prejudice and has become an outcast. Dolphus pretended to be a drunk so he didnt have to explain the fact that he was simply in love with a black woman. The alcohol, Dolphus said, gave the people an excuse to say that Dolphus didnt know what he was doing. On page 200, Dolphus says to Dill and Scout When I come to this town, which is seldom, if I weave a little and drink out of this sack, folks can say Dolphus Raymonds in the clutches of whiskythats why he wont change his ways. He cant help himself, thats why he lives like he does. The people of Maycomb are intolerant of the way Dolphus chooses to live. Dolphus is discriminated against because he lives his life with a black woman. This is thought to be wrong in society in Maycomb. Yet another prejudice in Maycomb was that against Arthur Radley. Arthur Radley could see the segregation of the people of Maycomb and the prejudice. Therefore Arthur isolated himself; Arthur didnt want to be a part of Maycombs intolerance. By doing this Arthur became one of the outsiders and was still a victim of the prejudice, as Arthur was different. There were wild rumors circulating the town and the children made up stories and games about Arthur. Because he was virtually unknown, Arthur Radley was discriminated against. The theme of prejudice is explored many ways throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. The different kinds of prejudice explore how deep peoples  hatred of each other can go. It gives the reader good insight as to what makes people intolerant and why people shouldnt be prejudiced just because others are different. From discriminating against the poor to racial prejudice to silly rumors fueling intolerance, very few realize that everyone is different but also equal.

Defense Mechanisms Unruly Id and Neddy Essay example -- Essays Papers

Defense Mechanisms Unruly Id and Neddy The Swimmer The idea of the human mind being composed of both a conscious and unconscious has been around for quite some time. Not until Sigmund Freud elaborated on these structures though were the ideas so popular and accepted. Freud described our conscious mind as what we are aware of in any present situation including our thoughts, ideas and perceptions. Freud also introduced us to the idea of the preconscious mind, which is closely related to the conscious in that it holds thoughts and ideas that are easily available to be brought to the conscious. The most important aspect of the mind, as Freud would tell us, is that of the unconscious realm that holds information not readily available to us. It is proposed that much of the information in the unconscious is stored there because we cannot bear to think about it. Closely related to the conscious, preconscious and unconscious minds are structures Freud believes determine our behavior: the id, ego, and superego. When reading a piece o f literature the main focus is almost always on the characters. We try to understand their thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and drives. In The Swimmer, John Cheever forces us to ask ourselves what it is that compels Neddy to push himself beyond his limits and forget such critical aspects of his life. By analyzing Neddy’s id, ego, and superego, we begin to see a clearer picture of what drives his strange behavior. The id, located in the unconscious, is thought to be the primitive part of our psyche and the source of our motivations that drive us to fulfill our needs immediately. Freud believed that the id consisted of two parts: one driven by the life instinct, or pleasure principle, and the other driven by the death instinct. The life instinct promotes life of the individual and species by motivating him to eat and procreate. The death instinct refers to our desires to be still, at peace, and have no more needs. This instinct manifests itself by alcohol and drug abuse, getting lost in a book, craving sleep, or sometimes as seriously as suicide. Throughout the whole story of The Swimmer, we are constantly asking the question â€Å"why?† We first wonder why Neddy is pushing himself to the point of exhaustion while undertaking this journey, then we begin to wonder what it is that happened to Neddy and his family,... ...his family were probably too much for him to think about. This more than likely led to the unconscious repression of the event, person, or situation. The repression of these things into his unconscious is why he cannot recall anything relating to the situation. After first reading The Swimmer, I was confused as to why Neddy was behaving as he did. After applying Freud’s theories of different levels of consciousness and the id, ego and superego, we start to see a clearer picture of this disturbed individual. Neddy’s problems run far deeper than houses, money, or work related problems. His inability to cope with reality and its stressors is more troubling than any material possessions that he may be lacking. Neddy’s out of control id combined with his overwhelmed ego and resulting abuse of defense mechanisms seem to be at the route of his problem. Neddy’s ego has done a wonderful job of totally distorting his reality in an attempt to reduce stress. I think at at least one time in our lives we have all wanted to forget about some horrible, embarrassing, or troublesome event. The story of The Swimmer allows us ponder if this â€Å"easy way out† is really so easy after all.

How does Alan Ayckbourn make use of comic resources in the play? Essay

From â€Å"A Small Family Business† a play in which people work together as a team, united to reach to the same goal and sharing values, the author Alan Ayckbourn exposes atmospheres of humorous situations to cut with tension and make the scene weird and funny at the same time. Various comic resources are used in this first scene where Jack is coming back from work and his wife, Poppy, waits for him with a great welcome surprise where family and friends are gathering together too. He makes use of ironic situations, sarcasm, visual and black humor, dramatic and embarrassing situations also, to make up this scene a humorous scene. The first situation of humor in this scene is between the dialogue of Yvonne and Ken: Yvonne: â€Å"Jack is here, Mr Ayres. He has just arrives† Ken: â€Å"Jack who? † Ayckbourn is using black humor in this situation as a comic resource. We can interpret this because it’s obvious of which â€Å"Jack† Yvonne is talking about, and Ken is trying to call the attention asking what Jack, Yvonne is talking about. Ken knows the answer, but he makes the situation funny by asking that question, and as an objective he wants to cut with the tension they were all passing through while they were hidden in the dark silence. As another comic resource, we can stand out the visual humor, because of the ridiculous situation of when Poppy moves into the kitchen, and pretends to be busy herself at the sink so that Jack doesn’t suspect anything out of the ordinary when he sees her, while on the next room, the whole family is hidden in the dark and giggling for silence. Everyone knows from where Jack is going to arrive, and in which moment, but Jack doesn’t have a clue of what’s going on. Here, the author makes use of visual humor because of the actions that the characters are making; they make quite a comic scene. Sarcasm is also state in this scene when Jack refers to the Fond farewells: â€Å"Cheering me through the gates, they were. Goodbye, you old bugger, goodbye† The author is making this phrase sarcastic because in a way, Jack is exaggerating the situation and he knows it was not really like that. He is in a way, telling Poppy that they wanted to get rid of him and he is making them seem like bad persons, when they didn’t really said or done something wrong to him. We can also see an atmosphere of humor, when Jack says to Poppy â€Å"thanks god for that. I don’t want to see anyone else. Not today†. Here, a dramatic irony is used as a comic resource because the reader understands the whole funny situation of the family hearing this dialogue hidden in the same house, but the character who in this case is Jack, does not. Also irony, because again, Jack uses exaggeration, disparity of expression and says something he doesn’t really mean. In this first scene, Ayckbourn has also made moments of embarrassing situations. Poppy: â€Å"Oh God, I want to die. I really want to die† Here Poppy is very embarrassed because she knew the whole family was listening to her dialogue with Jack, who was quite intimate and she doesn’t know how to fix it. This also makes the situation humorous because the character actions are seen as embarrassing by the audience because they know the consequences. As a conclusion, Alan Ayckbourn does use of many comic resources to break with the tension, the nervousness, and to give a funny atmosphere to the scene which is a bit anxious, at first, and uncomfortable at the end not only for Poppy but with the family also.

Usc Sosw 503 Assignment 1 Systems and Ecological Theory

SOWK 503 – Fall 2012 Assignment #1: Article Critique 9/26/12 Julie Emmer LCSW CAP Abstract The purpose of this paper is to critically critique and evaluate the study: Parenting a Child With a Disibility: The Role of Social Support for African American Parents, written by Jung – Hwa Ha, Jan S. Greenburg, & Marsha Mallick Seltzer. This paper will critically apply the Ecological Perspective and Systems Theory, to the social concern as it addressed in this study.This paper will accomplish this critique by assessing the hypothesis, evaluating the method of study, and critically discussing the results of the study in question by using the key concepts of the fore mentioned theories. Upon the completion of this paper, the reader will have a full understanding of the study, and how it may relate to field of Social Work using a Systems Theory perspective.Critique of: Parenting a Child With a Disability: The Role of Social Support for African American Parents Key Concepts of stud y The study Parenting a Child With a Disability: The Role of Social Support for African American Parents, was conducted as an expansion of the findings of previous studies. There have been a many studies that have examined the racial impact of the parents of disabled children; however, few have examined the influences that may affect an African American family raising a disabled child.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the following two areas of interest: (a) the impact of having a child with a disability on parents’ mental and physical health among urban-dwelling African Americans and (b) the extent to which positive and negative social interactions with family members other than the spouse moderate the impact of child’s disability on parental adaptation (Ha, Greenberg & Mailick Seltzer, 2010). The authors’ motivation for this study is to provide empirical evidence to assist professionals in addressing possible needs when, supplying social servi ces to this population or environment of lients. Important facts and concerns related to the social concern. The authors of this study referenced several previous studies that supported their theory of; family support from other than a spouse will attribute to wellbeing and equal homeostasis of the parent. Previous studies â€Å"suggest that extended families constitute a core social network for African Americans and provide important financial and instrumental support (Ellison,1990). Furthermore, support from kin is related to happiness and life satisfaction among African Americans (Ellison, 1990).In addition, it is also suggested in this study that negative entropy (interactions) or lack of supra system (extended family) involvement may impact the parent in a negative manner. The reasoning of the focus on African American parents, is to assess the influence of having a disable child, and how it may affect the negative energy that is already experienced in the family system by opp ression and discrimination. This study was conducted in urban areas in Milwaukee county Wisc. as a continuance of the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS; Brim, Ryff, & Kessler, 2004).The African American Milwaukee sample provided a unique opportunity to address within-racial group differences in the impact of having a child with a disability. (Ha, Greenberg & Mailick Seltzer, 2010). The sample group of the study was a group of 48 families with a disable child that is afflicted with one of the following disorders: autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, or intellectual disability, or was ever afflicted with a long-term serious mental health problem. The comparison group of 144 was families consisting of at least 1 child and no children in the family system have a disability. Theory ConceptsThe systems approach attempts to view the world in terms of irreducibly and integrated systems. It focuses attention on the whole, as well as on the complex interrelationships among its constituen t parts. The systems theory sees all of the aspects of a person and their environment as an individual system and an interrelated system. A social system is a special order of systems†¦ composed of persons or groups of persons who interact and influence each other’s behavior. â€Å"Within this order can be included persons families, organizations, communities, societies, and cultures† (Robbins, Chatterjee & Canda, 2011).The systems theory allows us to examine the focal system from a micro, meso, or macro perspective. Keeping all of the individual systems autonomous, while still being able to conceptualize the interrelatedness of the systems together. Similar to the systems theory, the ecological theory embraces many of the same concepts, but has narrowed the focus, so that it does not include such a broad view of the system. The Ecological theory is an adaptive, evolutionary view of human beings in constant exchange interchange with all elements of their environme nt (Germain & Gitterman, 1980, p. 5).The idea that person and the environment are inseparable and must be considered jointly, is primary assumption of this theory. The person and his or her environment form a unitary system in which each is dependent on the other and directly shapes each other. Application of theory and key concepts The sample of population of this study was derived from a population in the urban areas of Milwaukee. Even though this study did not disclose evidence concerning the ecosystem and the environment of the subjects, it would be fair to assume that they are victims of coercive and exploitive power.The reasoning for this assumption is the geographical location of this study, is known for having a high number of production plants and heavy pollution. The coercive power that is being afflicted is quantified in the study, with the fact, that the subjects do not reside in close proximity to any social services. This study was conducted to measure the affect of ra ising a child with a disability this environment. Further focus was placed on the effects of synergy from a supra system (family) on the focal system (parents), and the possible negative health effects derived from the lack of synergy.The results of this study were divided into two sections. The first section was to assess the effects having a child with a disability (sub system) has on the focal system. The negative energy from a sub system with a disability did have a negative effect on the focal system’s physical health, and homeostasis. The negative impact on the homeostasis of the focal system was attributed to physical impairments of the subjects. However, this was seen only in the older population that was studied and may have been caused by the rise in physical activities that is needed to care for a child with special needs and aging.This aspect supports the concept of adaptation of the focal system to achieve the goodness of fit in their habitat. The lack of mental health disorders in the focal system, may also indicate that entropy from resources in the environment or supra system, may cause the same amount of mental distress in the focal group as a whole. The second purpose of this study was to examine the effect of transactions between the supra system and the focal system. Specifically how the focal system’s homeostasis is affected by the exchange of positive, and negative energy, or entropy.The results of this study partially supported the hypothesis that positive energy transactions between the focal, and supra system is a predictor of the homeostasis of the focal system. The positive and negative mental affect is less when a system has positive energy transactions with the supra system, and in turn, leads to a balanced homeostasis and goodness of fit. In turn, the systems with entropy or negative energy transactions from the supra system are more likely to have reduced coping measures, and a reduced goodness of fit. Emerging patt erns.Examination of this study from a systems perspective did yield an emerging pattern. I was able to access the importance, and interrelatedness of a system. This study provided empirical evidence that systems are interconnected. The transaction of energy from a sub or a supra system will affect the homeostasis of the focal system. This effect may be positive or negative, but none the less, it will affect the focal system. This study also provided evidence that a system will adapt to its environment to achieve a goodness of fit and equal homeostasis.The systems theory was able to help me assess the interrelatedness of the study; however, it did also help me to recognize the limitations of study. One such limitation is narrow focus of the study. I believe for the study to be effective, the authors would have needed to address social concerns, coercive power, and exploitive power, which may be affecting the focal system as a whole. Compressive summery Upon completion of this study I did possess a new knowledge and enlightenment concerning the African American parents of disabled children.This study demonstrated the negative effect on homeostasis and physical health, that is derived from negative energy transactions with the supra and sub systems. However, I am still left with questions concerning the effectiveness of this study. This study was performed in a nondiverse community on a very small sample size. Therefore, I believe that further study is needed, with the focus group living in diverse communities and being subjected to different environmental influences.Furthermore, this target sample was limited to children with mental disabilities, and to effectively assess this subject, the sample must be expanded to include physical disabilities. This study was in an environment that may be oppressed and suffering from systematic discrimination. I was amazed to read that the persons with disabled children were not afflicted with more mental disorders than the pe rsons without disabled children. This aspect raises concern about the environment of the sample group. This study stated that this population is isolated from resources, and has a high unemployment rate as well.All of these factors will affect the wellbeing and homeostasis of a person. Therefore, I believe that further exploration is needed to assess the community stressors and influence on the overall wellbeing and homeostasis of the community. These influences should not be explored only for this study, but to also access need, and provide resources for this population. Resources Ha, J. , Greenberg, J. S. , & Mailick Seltzer, M. (2010). Parenting a child with a disability: The role of social support for african american parents. The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 92(4), 405-411.Robbins, S. , Chatterjee, P. , & Canda, E. (2011). Contempory human behaivior thoery. (3rd ed. , p. 38). Sadddle River, NJ: Allyn & Bacon. Ellison, C. G. (1990). Family ties, Friendships, and Subj ective Well-Being among Black Americans. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52(2), 298–310. Germain,C. B. & Gitterman, A. (1980) The Life Model of Social Work Practice. New York: Columbia University Press. Green, R. (1999) Ecological Perspective an eclectic theoretical framework for social work practice (2nd ed. , p. 259-308). New York: Aldine DeGruyyer

PGLO LA1 Essay

PGLO LA1 Essay PGLO LA1 Essay PGLO TRANSFORMATION LAB 04/12/14 IDP4U Submitted to: Mrs. Bellissimo Submitted by: Barento Abdushekur Jalani Bennett Daniel Casalinovo Rebecca Fadoju Simon Wong Background Information: Genetic transformation is taking genes from one organism and putting them into another. Genetic transformation is also when a cell takes up (takes inside) and expresses a new piece of genetic material. Genetic transformation literally means change caused by genes and involves the insertion of one or more genes into an organism in order to change the organism’s traits. A gene is a piece of DNA that gives the instructions for making a protein. This protein gives an organism a certain trait. A gene is inserted into an organism in order to change the organism’s trait. This new genetic information often provides the organism with a new trait which is identifiable after transformation. Genetic transformation is used in many areas of biotechnology. In agriculture, genes coding for traits such as frost, or drought resistance can be genetically transformed into plants, therefore allowing the plants to take on those traits. In bioremediation, bacteria can be genetically transformed with genes enabling them to digest oil spills. This was used to great effect during the Gulf Oil Spill. In medicine, genes are treated with gene therapy, genetically transforming a sick person’s cells with healthy copies of the defective gene that causes their disease. Genes can be taken out of many sources, such as human, animal, or plant DNA, and placed inside bacteria. For example, a healthy human gene for the hormone insulin can be put into bacteria. Under the right conditions, these bacteria can make authentic human insulin. By doing this, scientists have created a viable treatment for diabetes. Although this cannot cure diabetes, it is a highly effective management of diabetes. In this lab bacteria will be transformed to contain a gene that codes for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). The real-life source of this gene is a jellyfish called Aequorea Victoria. GFP causes certain areas of the jellyfish to glow in the dark. The gene for GFP was originally isolated from the jellyfish, Aequorea victoria. The wild-type jellyfish gene has been modified by Maxygen Inc., a biotechnology company in Santa Clara, California. After transforming the bacteria, they will express their new jellyfish gene and produce the fluorescent protein. It causes them to glow a brilliant green color under ultraviolet light. Plasmid DNA usually comprises genes for one or more traits that may be useful to bacterial continued existence. In nature, bacteria can transfer plasmids in and out of a cell, therefore allowing them to share these beneficial genes. The plasmid is a circular, autonomously replicating piece of DNA. Purpose: To transform E. coli bacteria by adding plasmids that allow the bacteria to glow green under UV light in the presence of arabinose sugar and grow in the presence of the antibiotic, ampicillin. Hypothesis: The bacteria with +pGLO plasmids are resistant to the antibiotic ampicillin and have the gene for GFP, therefore they will survive and grow on the transformation plates that have LB/amp. +pGLO bacteria on a plate with LB/amp/ara will grow and glow green under UV light because of the inclusion of arabinose. Materials Student Workstation E. coli HB101 K–12, lyophilized 4 poured agar plates (1 LB, 2 LB/amp, 1 LB/amp/ara) Transformation solution LB nutrient broth 7 Incoculation loops 5 Pipets Foam microtube holder/float Container full of crushed ice (foam cup) Marking pen Copy of quick guide Materials at Instructor’s Workstation 1 vial of Rehydrated pGLO plasmid 42 water bath and thermometer 37 incubator Lesson 1 Focus Questions 1. To genetically transform an entire organism, you must insert the new gene(s) into every cell in the organism. Which organism is better suited for total genetic transformation–one composed of many cells, or one composed of a

Group Polarization and Competition in Political Be Essays

Group Polarization and Competition in Political Be Essays Group Polarization and Competition in Political Behavior On Tuesday, November 14, 1995, in what has been perceived as the years biggest non-event, the federal government shut down all "non-essential" services due to what was, for all intents and purposes, a game of national "chicken" between the House Speaker and the President. And, at an estimated cost of 200 million dollars a day, this dubious battle of dueling egos did not come cheap (Bradsher, 1995, p.16). Why do politicians find it almost congenitally impossible to cooperate? What is it about politics and power that seem to always put them at odds with good government? Indeed, is an effective, well run government even possible given the current adversarial relationship between our two main political parties? It would seem that the exercise of power for its own sake, and a competitive situation in which one side must always oppose the other on any issue, is incompatible with the cooperation and compromise necessary for the government to function. As the United States becomes more extreme in its beliefs in general, group polarization and competition, which requires a mutual exclusivity of goal attainment, will lead to more "showdown" situations in which the goal of good government gives way to political posturing and power-mongering. In this paper I will analyze recent political behavior in terms of two factors: Group behavior with an emphasis on polarization, and competition. However, one should keep in mind that these two factors are interrelated. Group polarization tends to exacerbate inter-group competition by driving any two groups who initially disagree farther apart in their respective views. In turn, a competitive situation in which one side must lose in order for the other to win (and political situations are nearly always competitive), will codify the differences between groups - leading to further extremism by those seeking power within the group - and thus, to further group polarization. In the above example, the two main combatants, Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich, were virtually forced to take uncompromising, disparate views because of the very nature of authority within their respective political groups. Group polarization refers to the tendency of groups to gravitate to the extreme of whatever opinion the group shares (Baron & Graziano, 1991, p.498-99). Therefore, if the extreme is seen as a desirable characteristic, individuals who exhibit extreme beliefs will gain authority through referent power. In other words, they will have characteristics that other group members admire and seek to emulate (p. 434). Unfortunately, this circle of polarization and authority can lead to a bizarre form of "one-upsmanship" in which each group member seeks to gain power and approval by being more extreme than the others. The end result is extremism in the pursuit of authority without any regard to the practicality or "reasonableness" of the beliefs in question. Since the direction of polarization is currently in opposite directions in our two party system, it is almost impossible to find a common ground between them. In addition, the competitive nature of the two party system many times eliminates even the possibility of compromise since failure usually leads to a devastating loss of power. If both victory and extremism are necessary to retain power within the group, and if, as Alfie Kohn (1986) stated in his book No Contest: The Case Against Competition, competition is "mutually exclusive goal attainment" (one side must lose in order for the other to win), then compromise and cooperation are impossible (p. 136). This is especially so if the opponents are dedicated to retaining power "at all costs." That power is an end in itself is made clear by the recent shutdown of the government. It served no logical purpose. Beyond costing a lot of money, it had no discernible effect except as a power struggle between two political heavyweights. According to David Kipnis (1976, cited in Baron & Graziano, 1991), one of the negative effects of power is, in fact, the tendency to regard it as its own end, and to ignore the possibility of disastrous results from the reckless use of power (p. 433). Therefore, it would seem that (at least in this case) government policy is created and implemented, not with regard to its effectiveness as government policy, but only with regard to its value as a tool for accumulating and maintaining power. Another of Kipnis's negative effects of power is the tendency to use it for selfish purposes (p.433). In politics this can be seen as the predilection towards making statements for short term political gain that are either nonsensical or contradictory to past positions held by the candidates themselves. While this may not be the use of actual power, it is

BUSINESS ANALYSIS - JOHN LEWIS PARTNERSHIP Essay

BUSINESS ANALYSIS - JOHN LEWIS PARTNERSHIP - Essay Example Initially started as a draper store in Oxford Street London, the firm has been able to make critical progress over the period of time by making acquisitions of strategic nature. The very structure and organization of the firm therefore provides it a unique identity and organizational culture which has allowed it to develop and grow over the period of time. A closer analysis of the financial performance of the firm would suggest that it has been able to continuously register an increase in its profitability and revenues. Such consistent performance of the firm therefore indicates that it is one of the leading businesses with stable revenues and profitability. This report will analyse the strategic position of John Lewis Partnership, making direct reference to the key challenges and opportunities for the organistaion and the capabilities which John Lewis can utilise in addressing these issues besides critically evaluating the current strategy of John Lewis and comment on their appropri ateness to the competitive position. A Brief History of John Lewis Partnership John Lewis Partnership started as a draper store in Oxford Street, London in 1864 by John Lewis. The store later on went on to become the departmental store when Mr. Lewis started to purchase other stores and started to expand his business. The store thrived on the promise that the prices will be low as long as long as the prices of the neighborhood stores are low. This strategy seems to have worked for the store and store soon started to grow and generate higher levels of sales. In 1905 John Lewis purchased Peter Jones and made a change towards becoming a departmental store. It was during 1914 that John Lewis gave control of Peter Jones to his son who started the store on more modern footings and implemented new organizational changes including making employees as partners in the firm. 1 During 1955, firm opened first Waitrose store and the management also changed from Lewis family to Bernard Miller. How ever, after the retirement of Miller, the management of the firm was transferred back to the family. Management again changed during 1990s when Peter Lewis retired as Chairman of the firm. John Lewis’s major strategic change occurred with the launch of its online store during 2001 and the establishment of Ocado. Ocado was opened in order to deliver the grocessories purchased on Waitrose. (Wilson & Reynolds, 2006). John Lewis is now in the top 10 list of retailers in the country with more than 30 John Lewis Stores and 246 Waitrose supermarkets.2 SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis of the firm is as follows: Strengths 1. Rich history of successfully operating for more than 200 years. 2. Overall organizational structure and democratic nature of the firm. 3. High level of employee motivation because of employee partnership in the business. (Russell, 2010). 4. Large and diversified network of stores and web stores. 5. Efficient and effective supply chain management system. 6. High brand r ecognition and value in the eyes of customers Weaknesses 1. Only caters to the mid and high end customers. 2. Privately owned partnership therefore restricting itself to procure cheaper funds from capital markets. 3. Largely concentrated into UK with no or very little presence abroad. 4. Too few departmental stores across the country i.e. less than 30 considering 200 years history of

Vulnerable population-Mentally Ill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Vulnerable population-Mentally Ill - Essay Example According to Stanton (2001), Alzheimer’s disease is a manifestation of dementia which occurs between ages 30-40 but common for 65 years old and older individuals. This disorder gets worse as time passes and it is a â€Å"degenerative disease that attacks the brain and results in increasingly impaired memory, thinking, reasoning, and behavior† (Stanton, 2001, n.pag.). The Department of Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine (n.d.) stated that United States has 4 million cases of AD on the aged. This paper will tackle on designing a program for elders having Alzheimers Disease and justifying whether home care or nursing home care is the most effective way on promoting wellness of these individuals. This is significant to gain focus as to which of the two health care setting would provide the most effective way of caring for the elderly and especially those with AD. This program starts from little pieces of ideas, goals and plans in combating Alzheimer’s Disease. This centers a simple community with an average number of population. The city of Colton under San Bernardino County is a community of close family relations, and known to be one of the developed dominions in the United States (â€Å"Demographics,† n.d.). Colton has 52,154 population as of 2010 (â€Å"Colton, California,† 2011). Colton’s history of having rich family ties sets them as perfect focus in extending programs of wellness of the aged, prevention and specific care for those having Alzheimer’s Disease within the family. Aside from support systems, it is important that an institution and program fit the standard needs of their client. The community as a whole needs to contribute to this as well by providing support and means of development. A 2010 study revealed that there are 2,153 under the 65 to 74 age bracket, 1, 277 for ages 75- 84 and 503 for ages 85 and above (â€Å"Colton CA,† n.d.). Estimated â€Å"median household income by age†

Discussion Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Discussion Question - Essay Example There are cases where the providers do not expect profit in the provision of their services. This is a hindrance that occurs as they try to offer the best healthcare. Many may be underpaid which usually leads to stress on their part. While taking care of others, this stress is directed to them. Social good is an obligation they meet while doing their job (Kongstvedt 67). It is imperative that they do their job with the aim of keeping the society together and in excellent health. Another way they meet their obligations is caring for the low income earners. These organizations cannot go broke when they do this and; therefore, one way to serve and protect the people is through accepting everybody that is in need of help. This is whether they have insurance to offset their expenses. One way these obligations conflict with some of their needs is time consumption. Time taken into taking care of those in need is extremely exhausting. They spend more time at their jobs than they would with their own family, and relatives. Another conflict created is the emotional turmoil they undergo. It may be hard to see many people come and go in the institution one works. This may be hard for them especially when they come to form extraordinary bonds (Kongstvedt 78). In conclusion, obligations by care givers are often met. What they go through must also be taken into account. This is to know what it is they go through in the day to day activities (Kongstvedt 90). Understanding them may be a starting point in the way people treat

The schools of organization theories Essay Example for Free

The schools of organization theories Essay The schools of organization theories serve as the poles of support in keeping the order in an organization through the organizational functions. Each school of thought functions in a unique way causing changes in a certain work environment. The four schools of organizations theories that were listed are the human relations approach, neo- human relations school, the theories X, Y and Z (also known as the theories of motivation) and the systems approach. Major organizations that make use of the said theories include the finance undertakings, operations or productions, marketing and personnel purposes. These functions must be executed effectively and efficiently to be able to achieve the organization’s objectives. The organizational theories are manifested to almost all functions but in order to see a clearer perspective, specific reflections of the theories to each organizational function will be laid down. The human relations approach applies to the personnel functions. It dwells on the change of relationship between the leader and the subordinate. There is existence of decentralization and decision-making which let the employees be involved to enhance skills. The neo- human relations school is the â€Å"upgraded† version of the human relations school. Thus, it can also be reflected in the personnel functions. The said organizational theory patterns its principles to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. But, viewing form another perspective, the theory can also be utilized through meeting the goals of the marketing division. In marketing processes, advertising of a certain business entails the consideration of psychological aspects. In considering which marketing strategy to use, getting the consumer to respond to a certain product is important. This can be done through highlighting the achievement of human needs in an advertisement. For example, a television advertisement about a body spray targets the market segment of teenagers. So, the advertisement will highlight the need of teenagers to gain self-esteem through showing scenes in the advertisement that once a teenager will use that body spray, he or she will gain admiration from the opposite sex. Therefore, if and when the message was conveyed to the target market, the marketing function of the business will be accomplished. The third school of organizational theory is composed of the Theories X, Y and Z which somewhat clash in the purposes of managing the workplace. But, these are of great help in managing again the function of the personnel division. Theory X deals with a stricter work ethics to motivate the employees while Theory Y stated that workers have indeed a sense of self-direction. On the other hand, Theory Z (the hybrid of the Japanese and American management), incorporates the principles of creating a strong bond between the company and the employees through valuing the human resource development. Lastly, the systems approach is manifested through the technical functions of finance and production. The theory caters the requirements for financial matters through the open and closed systems. The open system as the name speaks for itself, caters boundaries that can be penetrated while the closed system has more rigid boundaries. It is up to the financial management on whether adjustments will be done in investments through accepting the influence of external factors or keeping everything as internal matters. For the operations or productions, the company can decide on whether adopting an open or closed system. Manufacturing lines can be subject to the transformation model if there is demand to do so. The company or the business can adapt the organizational theories for further improvement but it must be noted that some concepts of the theories can also hinder progress. As for the human relations and the neo-human relations approach, a concrete line must be drawn so to not abuse the professional ethics. It is true that the two theories give utmost importance in establishing individual autonomy to the employees, the leaders or managers must still be able to exercise power over major organizational matters. There must only be a right dose of relationship-oriented activities so that the work-related activities will not be overpowered. Otherwise, the sense of leadership will be obliterated. The theories X and Y must be adapted in a careful manner since the two are polar extremes. If Theory X is implemented in a leadership aspect, rebellion might occur in the workplace due to very authoritarian rules. The leader may solicit suggestions from the workers but still ahs the power to decide on whether to accept those suggestions or not. With this kind of management, conflict will definitely arise since the workers might think that the efforts are just put to waste. It must be made sure that the intensity of implementing it is well-adjusted to the needs of the organization. Theory Y does leadership in a lighter way but if the leader trusts the wrong people in the management to do specific tasks and these employees failed him, the quality of output will be affected. Theory Z may be taken in a brighter light so there may be fewer complications. It encompasses long term employment, specialized career paths and other holistic concerns for the employees. The theory may seem to be idealistic but there will still be conflict since the workers will be the one who will resort to solving the issues. Hence, managers won’t be touching issues causing poor control over matters. Finally, the systems approach can help in outsourcing ideas but then again, accepting changes pose the risk of having a negative feedback. The transformation may also alter some organizational traditions. The schools of organizational theories take on an effect of a double-edged sword. Some may help in facilitating tasks while some may worsen given situations. In a keen manner, the right theory to adapt for the company should be identified. The implementation of plans must of course go hand in hand with good management. References: Pugh, D. Organization Theory [PPT Document] Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/4880211/Organization-Theory Ankushsing. Theories of Motivation [PDF Document] Retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/7781940/Theories-of-Motivation

Looks and Love Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Looks and Love Before I left home for college, my group of friends and I sat down for one last serious heart-to-heart. Sometime during our conversation, the question of college choice arose. Emotions escalated as we realized how far apart we would be in a short time. "Why did you choose to go to MIT?" they asked, "Why couldn't you just stay home at a state university?" Wanting to lighten the mood, I replied, laughing, "That's an easy one...the guys, of course!" And after the initial uproar of laughter died down and the comments about geeks and scrawny computer nerds subsided, I said, "I'm serious." I was. Where else would I find an intelligent and genuine guy who would be mature enough for me? When I arrived in Massachusetts and classes finally started, so did my "man mission." Most of the men I met blew the boys back home out of the water, and one lucky day, I peered past my twirling pink pen and found Him. The more I learned about Him, the more enamored I became. Yet I, a usually outgoing and assertive young woman, felt uncomfortable approaching this wonderful person in that more-than-a-friend kind of way. The worst part about the situation was that I knew exactly where my uneasiness was coming from. Unlike the guys at home, where seventy percent of the young male population had black hair and dark brown eyes, this guy was blonde and fair-skinned, a stark contrast not only to the male population back home, but to me. I am not a racist person, but the petty idea that this guy did not share like features with me, hindered me from appreciating what we did share and made me more aware of the differences between us. So where then, did this silly idea of single race relationships come from? Why did He an... ...zines remind me that this relationship would not be the most socially accepted or ordinary thing to do. But it is ordinary. I know I've fallen for this guy because of his humor and quirkiness, his intelligence, his kindness, and his character, things that I should be looking for. So now, I sit here in my baggy calf-length skater shorts and bright orange hooded sweatshirt and stare across the seats, focusing on his neatly ironed khakis and dark blue dress shirt, and think that our hypothetical relationship would die quickly. I'm still that closed-lipped girl from the beginning of the story when it comes to my feelings because I don't want to be rejected, and for some reason I feel like we might not be right for each other, even though I know we are. And it depresses me that somehow, our ad-driven society is probably convincing him of that same exact thing.