Processes for the study of tissues Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Processes for the study of tissues - Lab Report Examplei) For hardening to occur it is necessary to dehydrate the tissue as paraffin wax used as an embedding marrow is immiscible in water. Dehydration is done by passing the tissue sample through very high concentrations of ethanol.ii) Histo-clear is a clearing substance which offers rapid clearing at a low cost. It has alike offered a way out of the adverse effects of breathing xylene while preparing slides. It also offers the tissue the right amount of hardness and produces better staining.iii) Unstained tissues lack inherent contrast and thus it is almost impossible to clearly view them in any microscope, be it light or electron.iv) Nuclei are stained blue while cytoplasm is stained pink) Periodic Acid-Schiff stain is used to detect opposite carbohydrates. Periodic acid oxidizes diol group forming aldehydes which on reaction with Schiff stain gives purple-magenta color. Duodenum contains an abundance of goblet cells which have a very high percentage of mucus containing glycoprotein. This will results in a purple-magenta color on staining with periodic acid Schiff stain.At any instance, the person should be respected whether the research is for new medical examination treatment or studying people habits. The autonomy should be foremost respected. Research should maximize benefits and minimize harms. In addition to this independent panels should be launch who shall first review the research methodology and judge the benefits and harms to humans. Most importantly any kind of deception should be avoided at all costs.

Mcdonald's case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Mcdonalds - Case Study ExampleIn 2003, McDonalds reinvented its mission/vision by implementing a Plan to win system that focuses on becoming bigger, non just better. Action plans in implementing this strategy are to increase sales in every geographic segment of the business to offer relevant menu to its 60 million customers per day, and to gain the confidence of stockholders by the profitability of its operation. McDonald uses 5 key strategies in implementing this plan, i.e. product, price, people, place and promotion (McDonalds 2009 annual report).In change magnitude sales in every geographic segment of the business thru franchising. Focused on brand availability, menu variety, beverage choice, convenience and day part expansion. McDonalds introduced McCafe and aid Angus third pounder, focused on classic favorites like big Mac and Quarter Pounder, and emphasized affordability in the US market and in mid-2010s introduced frappes and smoothies.In all areas of operations, reinvestm ent was done in the facilities and equipments, opened stores in convenient areas, extended store hours, build up its drive through systems and offered locally relevant selections. The strategy included advertising and promotions. In U.S, drive-through systems, and caf-ambiance were developed in Europe, the portable snacks were popularized in Germany, breakfast time was introduced and designed the same strategies in other areas where McDonalds is present.McDonalds joined the bandwagon of globalisation and has developed franchised business in 119 countries. In 2010, McDonalds has 32,737 franchise units all over the world, an increase of 28% from 21,078 units in 2009 (McDonalds Annual Report). This means the company has to fake with franchise owners with diverse cultures, religion and ethnicity. The tactics of McDonalds is to adopt its menu to the culture and taste of the region, to hire and train locals to work in the

Environmental Ethics. Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Ethics. Assignment 3 - Essay Example donkeywork (2012) outlines three definitions of spirit depending on the benefits derived from it. The first definition is that nature is a collective term used to refer to all events that take place within the universe. He in any case defines the nature as anything that adds value to life in manner that does not affect the occurrences of events. His interest to show the relations between humanity beings beings and nature do him refer to nature as a combination of all phenomena and the unused capabilities by human beings to control nature and derive benefits from him (Mill, 2012).Mill (2012) also states that when human beings neglect nature, it has a way of paying back by causing harm and damage. For instance, Mill states that floods and other natural hazards that occur are only a way of nature expressing its frustrations. Human beings should take assistance of nature and nature in return should ensure that it meets all the need s of human beings by ensuring that sustainability is maintained. . Mill states that Human beings should correct nature and put it in line rather than try to emulate it. It is only ethical for human beings to correct nature where it goes handle and make improvements on the existing natural phenomenon.According to Mill (2012) human beings understand the consequences of their own actions but they tend to act ignorant. This ignorance has caused human suffering, and it has also affect the environment. Mill (2012) also outlines that humans are separate from nature and for this reason rules of nature are not applicable to man. From a spiritual perspective, God gave human beings power and dominion over all other creatures and nature itself. Mill (2012) states that God values nature, and he handed over the responsibility of taking care of nature to human beings. For this reason, human beings should take this assignment seriously and invest in nature so as to ensure that it works in their f avor.In conclusion, Mills philosophical views originated from his

Teenage and Fashion Essay Example for Free

Teenage and Fashion EssayStatement For teenagers, fashion is first and foremost a social statement. It is an outward-bound means of expression to their peers and the rest of the world. Identity Fashion also provides teenagers a sense of identity by signaling which grouping they belong to (prep, punk, goth, etc. ). It whitethorn also signal a more independent or inclusive personality. Attraction Teens can be extremely conscious about overall escort when it comes to sexual attraction. They will often exploit fashion as a means to attract a certain type of person. Rebellion Rebellion whitethorn also be acted out via fashion. Since rebellion is often a huge aspect of a teenagers life, it is not shocking that teens often use licentious or shocking fashion to rebel against their parents, their classmates, and/or society. Peer Pressure Many teens pick up on fashion trends in an effort to stave murder humiliation and mocking from peers. Poor fashion choices in the eyes of others can of ten be an open door to ridicule. Celebrities Often, fashion for teenagers is the dissolver of the desire to be like a celebrity.Celebrities are perhaps the greatest influences on teenagers in the modern world, and they can have a huge impact on a teens ideas about fashion and its importance. In our society, there are many issues that affect teens. Fashion is something that teens use to fit in which makes them struggle in their everyday life. Teens gravel brands to be something that will make them look classy as many teens say today at school. Teisha-Vonique Hood from SMU stated that when people associate themselves with a particular brand or branded image, they immediately assume a new identity that is in some sense, confined to the societal points of that brand.They classify themselves through with(predicate) the brands they wear and it makes them feel like they fit in. There is al offices that new shirt or those new jeans or just some new trend that happens to begin. Teens may feel like if they dont have the latest brands, they arent worthy or not able to fit in and be themselves. Also, teens find themselves to be a little under-confident or intimidated by other people in their school. Ehow contributor, Ashton Pittman said that many teens pick up on fashion trends in an effort to stave off humiliation and mocking from peers. The majority of teens in high school have a fear of acquiring bullied or excluded.They use fashion to hide their fear and to feel more confident on who they are, or who they are laborious to be. Their attitude towards fashion and the style society shows it to be can change a lot of teens opinions. Stated in SMU study, as a result of this need for peer acceptance, teenagers are undecided to characteristics such as character, personality, etc. Since a lot of teens try to find their identity through high school and fashion, it can ultimately change not only their personality, but their character towards other people and family. Tying into this, celebrities are a big impact on teen fashion.Ashton Pittman also states that often, fashion for teenagers is the result of the desire to be like a celebrity. Teens look at celebrities and say Oh well if they can wear that, then why cant I and most of the time they end up giving the wrong idea to their friends and people around them. Have you ever tried to dress some way so that others accept you? A lot of teens dont realize that this is an issue on their everyday life because they are so caught up with trying to fit in. Just because other teens have the latest brand and you dont, doesnt mean that you arent unique.

Describe the Expected Pattern of Children Essay Example for Free

Describe the Expected Pattern of Children EssayGradually develops ability to hold up own promontory. Makes movements with arms and legs which gradually become more controlled. Rolls over from front to back, from back to front. When lying on tummy becomes able to lift first head and then chest, supporting self with forearms and then straight arms. Watches and explores hands and feet, e. g. when lying on back lifts legs into vertical position and grasps feet. Reaches out for, touches and begins to hold objects. Explores objects with mouth, often choose up an object and holding it to the mouth. Enjoys the company of others and seeks contact with others from birth.Gazes at faces and copies facial movements. e. g. sticking out tongue, opening mouth and widening eyes. Responds when talked to, for typesetters case, moves arms and legs, changes facial expression, moves dead body and makes mouth movements. Recognises and is most responsive to main carers voice face brightens, activity increases when familiar carer appears. Responds to what carer is paying attention to, e. g. following their gaze. Likes cuddles and being held calms, snuggles in, smiles, gazes at carers face or strokes carers skin. Turns toward a familiar sound then locates range of sounds with accuracy.Listens to, distinguishes and responds to intonations and sounds of voices. Quietens or alerts to the sound of speech. Looks intently at a person talking, simply stops responding if speaker turns away. Listens to familiar sounds, words, or finger plays. 1 2 days Walks alone and stands on tiptoe Climbs on furniture and begins to run Builds a tower of six or more blocks Empties objects from a container Becomes aware of his or her identity as a separate individual May become resistive Becomes interested in playing with other children Separation anxiety begins to fade Speaks about 50 wordsLinks two words together Uses just about adjectives (big, happy) Speaks clearly enough for parents to understa nd some of the words Begins to play make-believe Begins to sort objects by shape and colour Scribbles Finds hidden objects 2 3 years Walks up and down stairs, alternating feet Kicks, climbs, runs and pedals a tricycle Builds a tower of nine or more blocks Manipulates small objects and turns book pages one at a time Imitates parents and playmates Takes turns Expresses affection openly Easily separates from parents Speaks 250 to 500 or more words Speaks in three-and four-word sentencesUses pronouns (I, you, we, they) and some plurals States first name Asks why questions right on label some colours Copies a circle Understands the concepts of same and different 3 4 years Stands on one understructure for at least quintette seconds Throws ball overhand, kicks ball forward and catches bounced ball most of the time Dresses and undresses Uses scissors Cooperates with playmates Tries to solve problems May invite a best friend Becomes more strong-minded Answers simple questions Speaks in complete sentences Uses prepositions (under, beside, in front) Speaks clearly enough for strangers to understandBecomes involved in more complex imaginary play Prints some hood letters Draws a person with two to four body parts Understands the concepts of morning, afternoon and night 4 5 years Stands on one foot for at least 10 seconds Hops, swings and somersaults May learn to ride a bike and swim Brushes own teeth and cares for other personal needs Wants to be like friends Follows rules Understands gender Wants to do things alone Understands rhyming Uses compound and complex sentences Uses future tense States full name and address Uses imagination to create stories Correctly counts 10 or more objectsCopies a triangle and other geometric patterns Understands the concepts of time and sequential order. 6 years Jumps over rope 25cm high accomplishment to skip with rope Tie own shoes Eager for fresh experiences More demanding and stubborn, less sociable Joining a gang maybe esse ntial May be quarrelsome with friends Needs to succeed as failing too often leads to poor self esteem Reading skills developing surface Drawings more precise and detailed Figure may be drawn if profile Can describe how one object differs from another Mathematical skills developing, may use symbols instead of concrete objects May write independently years Hand-eye coordination is well developed Has good balance Can execute simple active movements, such as somersaults Skills constantly improving More dexterity and precision in all areas Desires to be perfect and is quite self-critical Worries more may have low self-confidence Tends to complain has strong emotional reactions Understands the difference between right and wrong Takes direction well needs punishment only seldom Avoids and withdraws from adults Is a better loser and less likely to place blame Waits for her turn in activities Starts to feel guilt and shameRead independently and with change magnitude fluency longer and les s familiar texts Spell with increasing accuracy and confidence, drawing on word recognition and knowledge of word structure, and spelling patterns including uncouth inflections and use of double letters Moving towards abstract thought Draw together ideas and information from across a whole text, using simple signposts in the text Read whole books on their own, choosing and justifying selections Engage with books through exploring and enacting interpretation 8 -12 years Movements well coordinated Physical skills improving Takes part in team games Drawings become more complexFriendship becomes more important Independence increasing More understand to self Concentration improves Able to larn fluently May think scientifically Able to play complex games such as chess 12 19 years Hormonal changes puberty Skin changes Growth spurts Body hair develops Girl menstruates breasts develop, hips broaden Boy facial hair develops voice deepens, growth of penis and testes Skills develops dependin g on interest and practice, for example play a musical instrument Adolescents start to think about the future and if motivated will use all their intellectual ability to grasp their educational goals

Metaphysics SHort essay 4 Essay Example for Free

Metaphysics SHort essay 4 Essay worth begins by describing how things we see in nature sh ar elements. He explains how a tomato, sunset in the sky and a blushing face share nothing more in common than the color. However, some(prenominal) objects have many things in common. These objects group themselves in concert into Natural Kinds. Price divulges a Natural Kind as a group of objects, which have many, perhaps indefinite, features in common. He explains that while this repetition makes things come out dull and monotonous, they are important because they are what makes conceptual cognition potential. In a world of incessant novelty, where there was no recurrence at altogether and no tedious repetitions, no concepts could ever be acquired. It would also make difficult the act of thinking because nothing would be recognizable. Price goes on to describe different terms of quality and sexual congress. Quality is a recurrent feature of the world, which presents itself in individua l object or events taken singly. Redness and bulginess are examples of this. A relation is a recurrent feature of the world, which presents itself in complexes of objects or events, such as this besides that, or between A and B.These terms endure us to give a simple analysis of change. Price explains how change has puzzled philosophers since the time of Heraclitus. Understanding objects in terms of quality and relation service us understand the concept of change. Another term that furnishs us to do so is the term characteristics. Characteristics are of at least two different types of qualities and relations. For Price, allow of this leads us to Aristotles theory of univeralia in rebus, or school of thought of universals. The philosophical system of universals agrees that all objects characterized by x resemble one another.However once must be cautious and note the difference between exact resemblance in a certain aspect, and total or complete resemblance. While some have debat ed whether complete resemblance can be achieved, the important thing to note is the different intensities of resemblance that exist. Price goes on to list differences between the philosophy of resemblance and the philosophy of universals and deals with classical arguments against them both. Price concludes by grammatical construction that one must have a good knowledge of both.Since both can be misleading at times, when in danger of being misled by one of the theories, then can turn to the other for truth. D. C. Williams, on the other hand, comes out against the philosophy of universals in The Element of Being. He attempts to explain this in his example of the three lollipops. He tires to prove that when one says a is similar to b, one is only saying that a part of a is wholly similar to a part of b. He states that entities or abstraction components are the primary constituents of this or any possible world. Many know these to be abstract particulars.Williams decides to name thes e parts tropes. He defines a trope as a particular entity either abstract or consisting of one or more concrete entities in combination with an abstraction. Tropes are connected to each other by guidance of location and by way of similarity. He goes on to explain and concludes by saying any possible world, and this one, is completely constituted by tropes and their connections of location and similarity. He explains how they would pertain to the notion of abstract and universal by using the example of Socrates (concrete particular), his wisdom (abstract particular/trope), Socratesity (concrete universal) and all of the wisdom (abstract universal).He goes on to explain how tropes would apply to different areas of philosophy, such as the philosophy of knowledge. He concludes by saying that all the things we see are no universal but consist of parts, tropes, which these things are a part of. Williams differs from Price by stating that objects consist of tropes and they are what create these appearances or similiarties. Price on the other hand states that objects share a certain resemblance in quality, relation and characteristics. Resemblance Theory and Trope Theory Carlos Manuel Jordan PHI 3500 Metaphysics December, 4 2014.

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide delicate Films Using Two DopantG T Yusuf, MA Raimi, O.E Alajeand AK KazeemAbstractThe un dope ZnO, Al doped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO films were deposited by a sol-gel spin coating method onto the glass substrates. 0.3M solution of surface acetate dehydrates diluted in methyl alcohol and de ionise water (31) was prepared. Equal quantity of Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution to serve as dopants. The effect of Aluminum and Magnesium doping on the opthalmic ZnO films was studied. The crystal clearness properties of all shrink films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of ( three hundred-800 nm). The optical pot gap of pure ZnO unconvincing film is 3.12ev turn the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. All film parameters changed with dopant types. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by BursteinMoss effect.Keywords Band gap Doping Films Transmitt ance. substructureIn this Zinc oxide is an II-VI n-type semiconductor with band gap of approximately 3.3 eV at room temperature and a hexagonal wurtzite structure 1. Recently, doped zinc oxide deoxidise films stimulate been widely studied for their application as conducting electrode materials in flat-panel displays or solar devices. Unlike the more commonly used atomic number 49 tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide is a non-toxic and inexpensive material 1.Furthermore, pure zinc oxide films are highly transparent in the visible clasp (light wavelength of 400-700 nm) and have high electrical conductivity. However, non-stoichiometric or impurity (Group III elements or Group IV elements) doped zinc oxide films have electrical conductivities as well as high optical transparent. Non-stoichiometric zinc oxide films have unstable electrical properties at high temperature because the sheet resistance of ZnO switch off films increases under either oxygen chemisorptions and desorption 9 or heat treatment in vacuum or in ambient oxygen pressure at 3000C-4000C 27. Turning to impurity doped ZnO thin films, unlike non-stoichiometric ZnO thin films, impurity doped ZnO thin films possess stable electrical and optical properties. Among the zinc oxide films doped with group II elements such as barium, aluminum, gallium and indium, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films argue the lowest electrical resistivity 11. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) has a low resistivity of 2.410-4 cm 11-13, which is quite similar to that of ITO films, which is about 1.210-4 cm 14-16 and AZO in any case shows levelheaded optical transmission in the visible and near infrared (IR) regions. Thus, AZO films have been used as transparent conducting electrodes in solar cells 16, 8. In adjunct to doping with Group III elements, doping ZnO with Group IV elements such as 9, 10 Ge, Sn, Ti, Si is also a good way to obtain low resistivity transparent materials in gear up to replace ITO because Ge, Ti, Z r could substitute on the Zn atom site. For example, Sn can serve as a doubly ionized donor with the incorporation of SnO2 as a solute in ZnO and, consequently, provide a high electron carrier concentration. It is, therefore, expected that the Sn doped ZnO (SZO) will have a higher electrical conductivity and better field emission properties compared with undoped ZnO 10.A variety of techniques such as DC or RF magnetron splattering 2, electron beam evaporation 19,20, pulsed laser deposition 21, spray pyrolysis 22,23, chemical vapor deposition 24 and solgel processing 2534,5 have successfully been highly-developed to prepare zinc oxide thin films. Among them, the solgel spin coating method is simpler and cost effective. Traditionally, AZO films prepared by this method follow the non-alkoxide route, utilize metal salts such as acetates, nitrates or chlorides as precursor and dopant, respectively. In addition, organic solvent, such as wood alcohol 20,21, ethanol 16, isopropanol 14, me thoxyethanol 11, ethyl ethanediol and glycerol 10 are widely employed by introducing monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as stabilizer 10,11,30. Recently, few studies had reported on the growth of the ZnO thin films with different dopants using sol gel spin coating technique.Therefore, the aim of this research works however is to study the optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films using different dopants with locally fabricated sol gel spin coating technique.ExperimentalThe films have been deposited onto the glass substrates at 400 C substrate temperature. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (31) were prepared and divided into three portions. Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution as dopants. A few drops of acetic acid were added to improve the clarity of solution. The concentration of dopants (aluminum chloride AlCl36H2O, magnesium nitrate hexahyd rate Mg (NO3)2.6H2O and was 3% and kept constant for all experiments. The starting solutions were miscellaneous thoroughly with magnetic stirrer and filtered by WHATMAN filter paper. The solutions were then spin coated on glass substrates which have been procleaned with detergent and then in methanol and acetone for 10min each using ELA 110277248E/2510E-MT ultrasonic cleaner and then cleaned with de ionized water and heated on hot plate for 600C. The coating solutions were dropped onto the glass substrate which was rotated at 4000rpm 45 each by using Ws- 400 Bz 6NPP/AS spin coater. After depositing by spin coating, the films were then dried at 3000C for 15minutes in a furnace to evapourate the solvent and remove organic residuals. The optical and electrical properties of the films at each time were investigated. The films were then inserted into a tube furnace and annealed in var. at 7500C for 1 hour each. The optical transmission and reflectance of the films were examined by spe ctrophotometer ranging from 400 to 1000nm. The transmittance T and reflectance R data was used to cypher absorption coefficients of the AZO films at different wavelengths. The relationship betwixt transmittance T, reflectance R, absorption coefficient, , and ponderousness d of the film is given by equivalence (1). (1)The absorption coefficient data was used to determine energy band gap, Eg , using equation (2). (2)Where is the photon energy, A is a constant thus, a plot of against is a edit line whose intercept on the energy axis gives the energy gap. The band energy gap of the film was then determined by extrapolating the linear regions on the energy axis.The absorption coefficient,, associated with the strong absorption region of the film was calculated from absorbance A and the film thickness, t, using (3). (3)The extinction coefficient, k, was evaluated from (4) (4)Where the wavelength of the mishap radiation and, t is, is the thickness of the film.The crystal phase of the films was determined by roentgenogram diffraction (XRD). The refractive index of the films was determined from the maxima and minima of the reflectance curve. (5)Where n is the refractive index, d is the film thickness (nm), is the wavelength (nm) of the incident light, and k is the interference order (an odd integer for maxima and even integer for minima).ResultsThe crystal structure of ZnO films was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction spectrum of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO film annealed at 7500C with crowing reflection planes is shown in figure 1.The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO patterns from the JCPDS data (Powder Diffraction File, Card no 36-1451) having hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982, c=5.20661.The presence of grownup peaks shows that the film is polycrystalline in nature. The lattice constants a and c of the Wurtzite structure of the films were calculated using the relations (6) and ( 7).a= ./sin (6)c= /sin (7)number 2 shows the optical transmittance spectra of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO thin films in the wavelength kitchen stove between 300 to 800 nm. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The overall spectra shows an emission band with two obvious peaks, where the first peak, the UV peak which also called the emission or near band edge emission contributed to the free exciton recombination 18. The second broad peak, also known as the green emission corresponds to the recombination of a photon generated mares nest with an electron in singly ionized 18.Figure 1 X-ray diffraction patterns for ZnO thin film for aluminum and magnesium dopantsThe optical absorbance spectrum measured within the wavelength range of 300800 nm using a Shimadzu Spectrophotometer is shown in figure 3.Figure 2 Optical Transmittance of t he films for aluminum and magnesium dopantsApproximately, the band gap conversion of the thin film can be deduced from Figure 3. Here, it evidently shows that changes in the absorption edges are in parallel with types of dopant in the thin film. In order to appropriately estimate the optical band gap equation (2) was used. The presence of a single slope in the plot suggests that the films have direct and allowed transition. It is also well known that ZnO is a direct band-gap material 1 and the energy gap (Eg) can thus be estimated by assuming direct transition between conduction band and valance bands. Theory of optical absorption gives the relationship between the absorption coefficients and the photon energy h for direct allowed transition as shown in (2) The direct band gap determined using this equation when linear portion of the (h)2 against h plot is extrapolated to intersect the energy axis at = 0. Plot of (h)2 against h for undoped, Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are sho wn in figure 3. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by BursteinMoss effect 2-5. For AZO films, compared to pure ZnO films, the contribution from Al3+ ions on substitution sites of Zn2+ ions and Al interstitial atoms determines the widening of the band gap caused by increase in carrier concentration. This is the well-known BursteinMoss effect and is due to the Fermi level moving into the conduction band. Since doping increases the carrier concentration in the conduction band, the optical band-gap energy increases 2. Enhancement of band gap thus also ensures that doping was successfully carried out in the ZnO thin films. It is further observed in our present work that an increase in band gap occurs in Mg- doped film as compared with ZnO and Al-ZnO thin films. The absorption properties of the films in UV range are due to the behav iour of ZnO intrinsic optical band gap energy. An absorption coefficient in the UV region significantly varies with types of dopant used. The result suggests improvement in the optical absorption in the UV region with nature of dopant, which provides useful information especially in the optoelectronic devices and device fabrication..Figure 3 Plot of (h)2 vs. photon energy (in eV) for aluminum and magnesium as dopantsConclusionsTransparent conducting thin films (ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO) have been deposited by solgel spin coating technique. The optical properties of these films were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO structural patterns is that of hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982, c=5.20661. The optical transmittance spectra in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm shows that all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-8 00 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by BursteinMoss effect.References1 N Choudhury and B K Sarma, Bull. Matter. Sci. 32, 43 (2000)2 E Burstein, Phys. Rev. 93, 632 (1954).3 T S Moss, Proc. Phys. Soc. London B67, 775 (1954).4 B E Sernelius, K F Berggren, Z C Jin, I Hamberg and C Granqvist, Phys. Rev. B37, 10244 (1988).5 R Cebulla, R Wendt and K Ellmer, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 1087 (1998).6 B C Mohanty, Y H Jo, D H Yeon, I J Choi and Y S Cho, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 62103 (2009).7 S Gota, J R R Barrado, M Sanchez, N T Barrett, J Avila and M Sacchi, Appl. Phys. Lett.86,042104 (2005).8 W Tang and D C Cameron, Thin Solid Films 238, 83 326 (1994).9 Gpel, W. and U. Lampe, Influence of defects on the electronic structure of zinc oxide surfaces.P hysical Review B, 22(12) 1980p. 6447.10 Minami, T., H. Nanto, and S. Takata, Highly Conductive and Transparent Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Nipponese daybook of AppliedPhysics. 23(Part 2, No. 1) p. L280.11 Igasaki, Y. and H. Saito, The effects of deposition rate on the structural and electrical Properties of ZnO Al films deposited on (112bar 0) oriented sapphire substrates. Journal ofApplied Physics, 1991. 70(7) p. 36133619.12 Minami, T., et al.., Group III Impurity Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 24(Part 2, No. 10) p. L781.13 Kim, H., et al.., raise of aluminum doping on zinc oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser Deposition for organic lightemitting devices. Thin Solid Films, 2000. 377378 p. 798802.14 Kim, H., et al.., Indium tin oxide thin films for organic lightemitting devices. Applied PhysicsLetters, 1999. 74(23) p. 34443446.15 Kim, H., et al.., Electrical, opt ical, and structural properties of indiumtinoxide thinfilms for organic lightemitting devices. Journal of Applied Physics, 1999. 86(11) p. 64516461.16 Kim, H., et al.., Electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Applied Physics A Materials Science Processing, 1999. 69(7).17 Y E Lee, Y J Kim and H J Kim, J. Mater. Res. 13, 1260 (1998)18 W.T. Yen, Y.C. Lin, P.C. Yao, J.H. Ke, Y.L. Chen, Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 3882.19 T. Minami, H. Nanto, S. Takata, Jpn. J. Appl. Sci. 23 (1984) L280.20 D.R. Sahu, S.Y. Lin, J.L. Huang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 4886.21 H. Kim, A. Pique, J.S. Horwitz, H. Murata, Z.H. Kafafi, C.M. Gilmore, D.B. Chrisey, Thin Solid Films 377378 (2009) 798.22 M.A. Kaid, A. Ashour, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 3029.23 A.F. Aktaruzzaman, G.L. Sharma, L.K. Malhotra, Thin Solid Films 198 (1991) 647.24 T. Minami, H. Sonohara, S. Takata, H. Sato, Jpn. J. Appl. Sci. 33 (1994) L743.25 W. Tang, D.C. Cameron, Thin Solid F ilms 238 (1994) 83.26 T. Tsuchiya, T. Emoto, T. Sei, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 178 (1994) 327.27 M. Ohyama, H. Kozuka, T. Yoko, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81 (1998) 1622.28 A.E. Jimenez-Gonzalez, J.A.S. Urueta, R. Suarez-Parra, J. Cryst. Growth 192 (1998) 430.29 P. Sagar, M. Kumar, R.M. Mehra, Thin Solid Films 489 (2005) 94.30 T. Schuler, M.A. Aegerter, Thin Solid Films 351 (1999) 125.31 S.Y. Kuo, W.C. Chen, F.I. Lai, C.P. Cheng, H.C. Kuo, S.C. Wang, W.F. Hsieh, J. Cryst.Growth 287 (2006) 78.32 J.H. Lee, K.H. Ko, B.O. Park, J. Cryst. Growth 247 (2003) 119.33 Y.S. Kim,W.P. Tai, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 4911.34 V. Musat, B. Teixeira, E. Fortunato, R.C.C. Monteiro, P. Vilarinho, Surf. Coat. Techno180181 (2004) 65.1